SCOTLAND. 



onghold of the game of golf, which may be 

 called the national pastime of Scotland. 



Dundee, a royal burgh in Forfarshire, on the 

 shores of the Firth of Tay, is the third town in 

 Scotland in point of population and wealth, and 

 the second as regards trade. It is the chief seat 

 of the linen and jute manufactures in Great 

 Britain. In 1745, the port dues were under .1200. 

 Since 1815, when the harbour was placed under 

 new management, the increase of trade has been 

 enormous. For the year ending May 1861, the 

 revenue of the port was ,25,329 j for the year 

 1881, the customs revenue was 158,489. The 

 tonnage which entered the port in 1835 was 259,736; 

 in 1 88 1, it was 474,699. The most extensive fac- 

 tory in Dundee is that of Messrs Baxter Brothers 

 & Co. The buildings cover a superficial area of 

 twelve acres. In the spinning department there 

 are 22,000 spindles, with the requisite preparing 

 machines ; and in the weaving-room there are 1200 

 power-looms. Twenty-two steam-engines, having 

 an aggregate of 750 horse-power, are employed. 

 The number of persons employed is about 4500, 

 a large percentage being females. Jute was intro-' 

 duced into Dundee in the year 1824. In 1838, the 

 consumption was 1 136 tons ; it is now fully 130,000 

 tons. In 1 80 1, the population of Dundee was 

 31,058 ; in i88i,it was 140,239. In 1863, a beau- 

 tiful park was given to the town and endowed by 

 Sir David Baxter, Bart. The total cost has been 

 ^50,000. An admirably equipped University 

 College was established here in 1882, having a 

 principal and four other professors. The Morgan 

 Hospital is an important educational institution. 

 The fund obtained by the trustees after a lawsuit 

 as to the validity of the will is^73,ooo. Dundee 

 returns two members to parliament. 



Aberdeen, a city and capital of the county, is 

 pleasantly situated on a slope rising gently from 

 the sea. The chief street, Union Street, is very 

 handsome. About the middle of it, a bridge of 

 one arch spans a ravine, which divides the Old 

 from the New Town. In 1692 the whole shipping 

 of Aberdeen consisted of two galliots, of 30 tons 

 each. About this time, however, its trade began 

 to make progress. In 1788, the number of vessels 

 registered was 169, and the tonnage 11,820. In 

 1872, there were registered 218, of which the 

 tonnage was 100,279. In 1880, the revenue of 

 the customs was ^92. ^99. Since 1810, when the 

 improvement of the harbour was begun, great 

 sums have been spent upon it. The newest under- 

 takings regarding it are the new breakwater and 

 division of the river ; the first turf of which work 

 was cut by Lord Provost Leslie on 22d December 

 1869. The granite is the great trade of Aberdeen, 

 the annual quantity now quarried being about 

 55,000 tons. It is estimated to increase at the 

 rate of 500 tons a year. The university is divided 

 into two colleges, King's and Marischal. King's 

 was founded by bull of Pope Alexander VI. dated 

 Rome, February 10, 1494. The charter still exists. 

 Marischal was founded and endowed in 1593 by 

 George, Earl Marischal of Scotland. The old 

 building was taken down, and a new one erected 

 between 1837 and 1841, at a cost of 21,240, of 

 which 1 5,000 was paid by government, the balance 

 being raised by subscription. The population of 

 Aberdeen was, in 1811, 34,640 ; in 1881, 105,189. 



Inverness is generally regarded as the capital 

 of the Scotch Highlands. It is situated on the 



river Ness, near its junction with the sea. The 

 neighbourhood is extremely picturesque, with 

 several scenes and objects of traditionary and 

 historical interest. Here Macbeth had a castle 

 which Boethius, and afterwards Shakspeare, assign 



Duncan's murder. The castle, 



as the scene of 

 says the latter, 



Hath a pleasant seat ; the air 

 Nimbly and sweetly recommends itself 

 Unto our gentle senses. 



The remains of a fort built by Cromwell are to 

 be seen. Five miles from the town, lies the fatal 

 field of Culloden. 



Perth, the capital of the county, is beautifully 

 situated on the Tay, with a fine view of the 

 Grampian Hills. Ginghams and shawls are 

 manufactured in considerable quantities in Perth ; 

 there are also flax-spinning mills, bleaching-fields, 

 iron-foundries, and tanneries. In December 1871, 

 there were 45 vessels belonging to the port, with 

 a tonnage of 4357. The customs revenue, for 

 the year ending March 1880, was ^24,215. A 

 much-admired statue of the Prince-consort, by 

 Brodie of Edinburgh, was erected in 1864, an d 

 inaugurated by the Queen on 3oth August of the 

 same year. The population of Perth in 1881 was 



It returns one member to parliament. 



'Glasgow, the most populous city in Scotland, 

 occupies a highly advantageous situation on the 

 banks of the Clyde, in Lanarkshire, a few miles 

 from the place where the river expands into an 

 estuary, 42 miles from Edinburgh, 397 from 

 London, and 196 from Dublin. The public build- 

 ings are in general handsome, and in most 

 instances disposed in such a manner as to be 

 seen to advantage. The more ancient part of 

 the city extends along the line of the High Street, 

 between the Cathedral and the river ; the more 

 modern and elegant part stretches towards the 

 north-west. On the left bank of the river, and 

 connected by three bridges, is situated the popu- 

 lous barony of Gorbals, bearing the same refer- 

 ence to Glasgow which Southwark bears to Lon- 

 don. Westward from the lowest of the bridges, 

 both sides of the river are formed into quays, 

 which, owing to recent operations for deepening 

 the channel, are now approached by vessels draw- 

 ing from 15 to 18 feet water, and of 1000 tons 

 burden and upwards. As late as 1820, no vessel 

 drawing above 8| feet could ascend the Clyde. 

 The quay on the north bank is denominated the 

 Broomielawj there is an extent of quay of about 

 \\ miles on both sides of the river. 



Glasgow took its rise as a dependency of the 

 cathedral of the bishops (latterly, archbishops) of 

 the see bearing its name. It was not, however, 

 till long after the Reformation that it became a 

 seat of considerable population. About the middle 

 of the eighteenth century, it had acquired a con- 

 siderable share of the import colonial trade, which 

 it still retains ; but during the last hundred years, 

 it has chiefly been distinguished as a seat of 

 manufactures. The weaving of lawns, cambrics, 

 and similar articles commenced in Glasgow in 

 1725. The advantages enjoyed by the city for 

 the importation of cotton in time gave a greater 

 impulse to that species of manufacture. Besides 

 the old park in the east end, or ' Green,' as it is 

 called, Glasgow has of late years acquired three 

 others one of 40 acres, in the west end, named 



255 



