126 KINDRED GROUP-MARRIAGE 



for a spouse, or indeed any member of the household ; 

 while L.G. hie, hige, heie, hienman, higeman denote 

 hausgenoss, horiger, or serf. 1 



Friesian words related to hi are heia, the whole 

 family group, the household, and then a crowd ; heive, 

 servant or domestic ; hine, equivalent to English hind ; 

 hyneglie, family ; hionen, members of household ; liyske, 

 for marriage, family, and household. In Anglo-Saxon 

 we have sinhtp, a ' hiving ' together and hence marriage ; 

 hivred, family, but also armed band and meeting of 

 council, a triple meaning quite intelligible if we re- 

 member the kin as the primitive unit of domestic, 

 military, and civil organisation. Hwraedene is glossed 

 with familia and domus. Hivredgerifa, the reeve of 

 the hivred, is used to gloss the Latin consul, and marks 

 the growth of kin-headship into tribal leadership. Hiv- 

 scipe is the family or stock ; hivung, marriage ; htva is 

 glossed domesticus ; hiwunga, the total household ; 

 hiwa, the family ; hiwan, familiares, marking the 

 transition of the younger members of the group to the 

 serving class ; and hiwiski is the house and household. 

 Only one word appears to have survived to modern 

 English from the Anglo-Saxon, but that is perhaps the 

 most interesting fossil of all, namely hive from hiwa, a 

 family. But how different from the group we term a 



1 We see almost the same series of meanings attaching themselves to words 

 related to familia, sexual relationship, comradeship, domestic service, serfdom. 

 The cognate faama, said to be Oscan for house, may be compared with heim. 

 Note the Bavarian ehalt glossed legitimus for hausgenoss, servant, ehaft, the com- 

 munity, ehaltin, wife, die ghalten, the family, from e. Almost the same series of 

 meanings attach to Greek /cow6s, which is ultimately one of the M series. It 

 marks common property, the community or state, rb KOLVOV : KOIVO'L, Koivat stand 

 for a kindred-group, especially of brothers and sisters ; Koii>6s is also the agreeable, 

 pleasant ; KOLvbu and Koivuvtw are both used of sexual intercourse ; Kolvw^a, 

 Koivwvia are communion, intercourse, community, but especially in the sexual sense. 



