GENERAL WORDS FOR SEX AND KINSHIP 163 



indeed from the O.H.G. ninth-century unsipbi wip, for 

 the concubine of presbyters and deacons. The subintro- 

 ducta, or concubine, as distinguished from the wife, was 

 in the earliest time essentially the * strange woman,' the 

 woman not of the kin. 



We cannot leave sib without turning for a moment 

 to a corresponding Slavonic word zupa. In Old 

 Prussian we have supuni, and in Lithuanian zupone for 

 the house-mother, the materfamilias. Siponeis is Gothic 

 for a disciple, probably as junge in modern German 

 stands for puer, famulus, and discipulus. The corre- 

 sponding Latin appears to be prosapia, a stock or 

 race. In the Lika district the folk use zupa for house- 

 hold, or family. It is a subject of congratulation to 

 the head of the house that he has a large zupa. The 

 primitive use of zupa appears to be identical with Tiiwa 

 and sibbe, but it is used for a village community, for 

 a pasturage, probably originally the common land of 

 the community and for a parish, zupniJc, being the 

 parish priest. Just as in A.S. mcegs, the sense of the 

 word is extended from household to village, to district, 

 and even to county. The head of a zupa is a zupan ; 

 yet this word, which might be supposed to refer to the 

 paterfamilias as zupone to the materfamilias, has been 

 specialised in the sense of the head of the zupa for 

 military and judicial purposes. We have, in fact, the 

 kin-chief, the rudimentary paterfamilias, never de- 

 veloped into the actual father, but into the heerfuhrer 

 and herzog, as distinguished from the husband or hus- 

 mann. He is like the cyne-hlaford, the head of the kin, 

 who develops into the king, but not into the husband, 



