1 64 KINDRED GROUP-MARRIAGE 



the spouse of the Jcone. 1 This is well illustrated by the 

 fact that the zupan very early obtained in Croatia the 

 foreign or German name of knez, or konig. We have, 

 in fact, to do with a kin or clan leader, its official head 

 in administrative, judicial, and military matters. There 

 is evidence to show that he was in early times elected 

 by the zupa ; later the office became hereditary, or the 

 appointment was made by the national king. The zupan 

 was maintained, partly by a grant of the common land 

 of the zupa partly by a portion of the royal taxes on 

 the zupa, and partly by annual traditional gifts exactly 

 corresponding to those paid to the obman or mahlmann 

 by the markgenossenschaft. 



To still further illustrate the close relation of the zupa 

 to the hiwa, we may note that the zupa maintained 

 a burg, or fenced place of arms, corresponding closely 

 to the haga or haia. Round this so-called grada, or 

 haia, were the huts or dwellings of a group of blood- 

 related households who tilled the common lands of the 

 community under the guidance of the leader of the 

 bratsvo or brotherhood. 2 The bratsvo still exists. Each 

 blood-related household, which embraces several families, 

 looks carefully after the marriages of its members, but at 

 the same time pays from the common purse the charges 

 of the marriage feast. While exogamy is now the rule, 

 there is a good deal of folklore evidence to show that 



1 Ducange cites a number of examples of zuppa and zupanus for district or 

 parish, and its presiding officer. The words also appear in mediaeval Latin as 

 supa and supanos. I suspect the suppar=socius, who is in this case also cognatus, 

 cited in another place by Ducange, is also one of the zupa, or of the kin. 



2 A bratsvo is a community of several blood-related households with common 

 lands and patron - saint ; a zupa seems to have been primitively much the 

 same organisation. 



