ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Page. 



FIG. 1. Early form of kiln in which only charcoal is recovered 12 



2. Early form of kiln in which charcoal and tar are recovered 12 



3. Early kiln for recovery of alcohol and acid 13 



4. Swedish thermo-kettle 13 



5. Round retort with condenser 14 



6. A modern oven retort - - 14 



7. Types of condensers 15 



8. Wood car used in oven retort 17 



9. Charcoal cooler used with oven retort .' 18 



10. Plan of a modern American destructive distillation plant 18 



11. Plan of a refining apparatus 19 



-12. Plan of German type of fractional distillation plant 20 



13. Retorts used in distilling turpentine 



14. Diagram showing the processes and products of the destructive distilla- 



tion of wood - 26 



15. Liming still 33 



16. Still for preparing acetic acid from acetate of lime, with detail of acetate 



pan 34 



[Cir. 36] 



(6) 



