200 



UNDULATORY FORCES. ACOUSTICS. 



[LARYXX OF AMMAIA 



ligament* are strong, and nearly an inch in length ; thi 

 windpipe consists of fifty-two cartilaginous rings; thai 

 is, nearly three times as many aa their number in man. 

 The voice U sonorous, intense pitched in C 256 vibra 

 tiunsin a second.* 



The sheep belong! to the same order of quadrupeds. 

 The larynx differ* from that of the ox only in dimen- 

 sions. The voice is guttural pitched in F 341 vibra- 

 tion* in a second. To the same order belongs the cama 

 (CVmWtu Bartnantu). In the camel, the larynx is well 

 devejoned ; the superior vocal ligaments are present, ami 

 the inferior vocal ligament* are strong. The voice U 

 grave, but seldom exercised. (See Fig. 20). 



In the Pachydermata, or thick-skinned animals, there 

 are many specie* possessed of a sonorous voice. Among 

 these are the hone, the ass, the hog, the rhinoceros, and 

 the elephant In the horse, the larynx is highly de- 

 veloped (aee Fig. 21), and the windpipe has as many 

 *"* *' cartilaginous rings as that 



of theox. Thesuperiorvo- 

 cal ligaments are not pro- 

 minent. Above the j unc- 

 tion of the proper vocal 

 ligaments, between that 

 and the epiglottis, there 

 is an oval cavity ; and on 

 the posterior surface of 

 the epiglottis there is a 

 groove, furnished at its 

 base with a semi-lunar 

 membrane. To this mem- 

 brane much effect has 

 been ascribed in the pro- 

 duction of the peculiar 

 neighing of the horse. It 

 is doubtful, however, if 

 this peculiar sound be so 

 much dependent on this 

 membrane as ha* been 

 believed. 



In tho ass the larynx 

 is also well developed. In 

 the windpipe the rings 

 H.TXX or on.-.BuAop. are spiral. The bray of 

 , fpif kxtif ; , semi-lunar membrane ; * j-n nagwhich BMBM 

 . aperture al baw of the epiglotti. ; 



A irmo.e; t, Teniricie.; /, arrte- greatly to depend upon 



i; i, inferior rocal cordi; *, the presence of two large 



sacs placed between the 



Tocal ligaments and the internal surface of the thyroid- 

 is well known ; it has a range of about five tones. 



In the mule, tho larynx resembles that of the ass. 

 The voice is a species of bray, more resembling that of 

 the as* than the neighing of the horse. The tapir (Tapir 

 ) has some peculiarities in its larynx. It 

 has, however, superior vocal ligaments, which are short 

 and distinct, and inferior vocal liga- 

 ments, which are strong. The voice 

 U a species of whistle. 



The hog (Su* terofa) has also some 

 peculiarities in its larynx : its voice, 

 as is well known, is a grunting, dis- 

 cordant sound. 



The rhinoceros is remarkable for 

 li.-iving the superior vocal cords very 

 prominent 



In elephants the larynx is largely 

 "developed. The superior vocal liga- 



A. Flf. M. B. 



A. i ATaAt nrw or i .- 

 " 



, thrroM nrtilM* ; . m<>n ** are indistinct ; the inferior or 

 leotd;e,rrtco-thrrnM proper vocal ligaments are strong. 

 : 4, trachea. the windpipe exhibits thirty rings, 

 """ " 



, 



" h * w often partially subdivided! 

 . eriroM ; . Urrnr>- as in the case of the bronchial rami- 

 i lifannt; < fieations. The voice, aided by the 

 trunk, in intense, and of a grave pitch. 

 Under tho head of Marsupial animals, we find the 

 kangaroo and the onoxaum. 



kangaroo (.Vacropiu major), several peculiarities 

 in the larynx, *J n particular, the vocal cords are 

 See /., p. K9. 



membranous, and fold upon themselves, so that they 

 cannot be stretched by the arytenoids. Tho voice, when 

 in pain, consists of a piteous moan. In the opossum 

 ( DtttipMl opossum), the vocal ligaments are very short ; 

 hence the voice is acute. The opossum purrs like a 

 cat (See Fig. 22). 



In the order Camivora, we find examples of animals 

 with intense voice. 



In the lion (Frlif ko), the larynx is well developed ; the 

 vocal ligaments, both superior and inferior, are present : 

 the superior being prominent. The ventricles of the 

 larynx are deep, forming a sac between the upper 

 and under vocal ligaments. The windpipe is possessed 

 of fifty cartilaginous rings. Tne voice is grave highly 

 intense ; the roar terrific. 



The tiger (Felis tigru) has a larynx 

 resembling that of the lion, the supe- 

 rior vocal ligaments being very pro- 

 minent. The voice of the tiger is 

 more acute than that of the lion. It 

 purrs like the cat The leopard and 

 the cat belong to the same genus ; 

 Felu lenpardiu and Felit catuit. These 

 two animals, like the rest of the fi-lino 

 tribe, have the superior vocal liga- 

 ments well developed. It is sup- 

 posed that by these superior vocal 

 ligaments the purring sound is pro- 

 duced. The voice in both animals is 

 a mewing ; and they have by night a 

 melancholy cry. (See Fig. 23). 



In the order Quadrumana, to which 

 the apes and monkeys belong, the 

 essential form of the organ of voice 

 does not vary much, but peculiarities 

 occur in the resounding walls. Thus, 

 in the ourang-outang, a sac exists be- 

 tween the thyroid cartilage and hyoid 

 bone ; and in the mandril, pavian, 

 and macacos, membranous sacs are 

 observed below the hyoid bone. In 

 the Mycetes, or howling apes of the 

 New World, the apparatus for the 

 resonance of the voice is greatest. In 

 these the hyoid bone, and the thyroid 



cartilage, are expanded in such a manner as to contain 

 large cavities, which open into the ventricles of the 

 larynx ; and besides this, there appear to be sac* 



common to the larynx and pharynx. Further, tho epi- 

 glottis, in these apes, has a very large and peculiar form. 

 In tho Sapajous (Atelos and Debus), a curved tube is 

 'ormed by the increased size and altered forms of the 



epiglottis, and some ad- 



'acent structures. The 

 roice of these animals 

 las a whistling cha- 

 racter. 



In the chimpanzee 

 .he true vocal liga- 

 nents are prominent 

 The windpipe has six- 

 sen rings. The voice 



is more acute than in 



women ; itsqualityinfe- 



rior, owing probably to 



'.he sacoulated larynx. 

 See Fig. 24). In tho 



ourang-outang tho in- 



'erior vocal ligaments 



are prominent, but not 



o It mg as in the fami- 

 ies of the human race, 

 rhe ventricles are val- 

 vular, so that tho infla- "T"tTi*wori.*T!c* nrreiiir-Axm. 



tion of thn ruviii;*, aa, *K connected with the lateral Ten- 



,ne pe iliar sacs trlc |, . t , hyoid ,,, with Ci , pro . 



T.AHTNX OF TAT. 

 I, liillfiii. ; ,, ppi|,|,,t. 



ti; f, i>u|x-ri"! 

 cords; rf, inferior 



Fig. 91. 



tradfng at it bate ; d, thyroid ; e, tra- 

 chea; /, cricoid. 



is under the control of 

 he animal 



In the Gibbons, the ventricles are deep, and communi- 

 cate with a sac. The voice is acute ; the cry " bow wow. " 



