THE PERMIAN PERIOD 



671 



regions. Developed thus amid adverse surroundings, if not under 

 adverse conditions, the flora not only took on a resistant aspect, 

 in simple outlines and compact forms, but soon gave evidence of its 



Fig. 459. Representative types of the Glossopteris Flora, a, Glossopteris 

 communis, Fstm.; 6, G. angustifolia, Bgt.; c, Gangamopteris cyclopte- 

 roides, Fstm.; d, Noeggerathiopsis hislop, Bunb.; e, Neuropteris valida, 

 Fstm.; f,Schizoneuragondwanensis } Fstm.', g, Phyllotheca indica, Bunb.; 

 h, Voltzia heterophylla, Bgt. 



vitality by spreading northward into east Africa and Asia, and 

 then Europe. It reached northern Russia in the later part of the 

 Permian period, and was there associated with forms typical of the 

 European Permian flora. It is also found in Brazil and Argentina. 1 



1 In Brazil, this flora, closely allied to that of the Talchir-Karharbari 

 series of India, is found in the coal-bearing formations. I. C. White and 

 David White, Commissao da Costudos das Minas de Carvao de Pedro, do Brazil, 

 1908. 



