918 GEOLOGY 



ing point most of the year. Remains of walruses, seals, and whales 

 also have been found. In the Champlain substage, the arm of the 

 sea that occupied the lower St. Lawrence and Champlain valleys 

 was peopled by a marine fauna of the same type, essentially, as 

 that which now lives about the mouth of the St. Lawrence and on 

 the coast of Labrador. 



On the more southerly coasts. Away from the immediate in- 

 fluences of the ice-sheets, the record of marine life does not indicate 

 any profound departure from the progressive modernization that 

 had been in progress through the Tertiary period. It has been stat < d 

 by Dall that the Pleistocene fauna of the Atlantic coast does not 

 imply as cold waters as the Oligocene fauna does, and by Arnold 

 that the Pleistocene fauna of the California coast does not imply 

 as cool a climate as the Pliocene fauna of that coast. It is to be 

 noted, however, that the known marine record may not cover more 

 than a small part of the Pleistocene period, and that it is not certain, 

 - perhaps not probable, that the portion represented was one 

 of the glacial epochs. When the ice was pushing into the ocean 

 on the coast of Maine, as in the late Wisconsin epoch, and an arctic 

 fauna occupied that coast, it is scarcely probable that a warm- 

 temperate fauna lived on the southern coast; nor is it probable 

 that, when icebergs were being set free into Puget Sound, and along 

 all the coast to the north, a warm-temperate fauna 'lived on the 

 California coast; but warm-temperate faunas on those coast- 

 during interglacial epochs are entirely consistent with a climate such 

 as that suggested by the Don beds. 



The Terrestrial Life of the Non-glacial Regions 

 The life of the lands distant from the glaciated areas cannot now 

 be correlated closely with the glacial and interglacial stages. One 

 of its features was northerly types which appear to have been 

 driven south by the advancing ice, and, later, to have followed its 

 retreating edge northward. The mammoth and mastodon, the 

 bear, bison, reindeer, and musk-ox, were characteristic mem! 

 of this group. In mid-latitudes, there were several types on the 

 verge of extinction in North America, such as the horse, tapir. 

 llama, and sabre-tooth cat. It is not improbable that there was 



