BRUSHES 



AND BRUSH- 

 MAKINQ 



THE PAPER-MULBERRY 



Consigned to. 



D.E.P., 

 i., 538-41; 

 vi., pt. i., 

 107. 

 Paper- 

 Mulberry. 



Fibre. 



Paper 



Material. 



Cultivation. 



Yield. 



D.E.P., 

 iii., 341-2. 

 Brushes. 



Out of the last year's total (1906-7), 257,282 gallons went from Bengal; 

 14,244 gallons from Sind ; and 2,158 gallons from Bombay. The receiving 

 countries were Mauritius, 113,068 gallons; Natal, 93,787 gallons ; United 

 Kingdom, 19,892 gallons ; Australia, 22,581 gallons ; Straits Settlements, 

 10,159 gallons ; and British Guiana, 3,574 gallons. 



BROUSSONETIA PAPYRIFERA, Vent. ; Fl Br. Ind., v, 

 490 ; Gamble, Man, Ind. Timbs., 633 ; Brandis, Ind. Trees, 613 ; Englei 

 and Prantl, Pflanzenfam., 1889, iii., pt. i., 76 ; URTICACE^E. The Paper- 

 mulberry or Tapa-cloth, malaing, ihale, Jcodzo, kaji, etc. A small tree 

 or bush, native of China and said to be wild on the hills of Upper Burma 

 and Martaban. Frequently cultivated in India, largely so in the Southern 

 Shan States (Craddock), and distributed to Siam, Japan, etc., Western 

 China, Ichang and Yunnan, etc. According to Wiesner (quoted in Stein's 

 Ancient Khotan) it is the paper material of Eastern Turkestan; it was 

 introduced into Southern Europe and parts of Germany about 1750, 

 Brandis remarks that it is a marvellous instance of a plant that may 

 be sown both in temperate and tropical countries. 



From the bark of this tree is obtained a FIBRE which perhaps deserves 

 to be carefully investigated. From it is made the falsely named Chinese 

 "leather-paper," the Japanese fcodzo-paper, the curious papier-mach6 school 

 slates of the Burmese (parabaik), the topa-cloth of the South-Sea Islands and 

 the mulberry paper cloth of the Karens. It is an excellent paper-fibre, though 

 according to some authorities the stock is a little difficult to prepare of good 

 colour. The silkworm can be fed upon the leaves, and the annual prunin 

 of twigs to obtain a fresh flush for the silkworm might be made to give 

 profitable return as a paper-fibre. The plant produces suckers in profusio 

 coppices well and grows fast. It has been most successfully cultivated at Dehr 

 Dun, but the district is too far from the paper-factories to allow of profitab 

 production. It will not survive on jungle-land or on dry soils, nor can it stan 

 severe cold ; but it might pay on waste land near the coasts of Bengal, Burm 

 Malabar, etc. , whence transport would be cheap. The usual Japanese method 

 propagating is by slips. Kaempfer, followed by Rein, says that every autum 

 after the leaves have fallen the young shoots near the ground are cut off, and 

 this way , after three or four years, bushes with from four to seven one-year shoots a 

 obtained. It is estimated that 2 cwt. of raw Bi-oiiMMonfttei bark will yield abo 

 3 qrs. of white bast about 45 per cent. Craddock describes the manufactui 

 pursued in the southern Shan States. It closely resembles the descriptio 

 quoted in the Dictionary from Royle (Fibrous PI. Ind., 1855, 341-2). Rein (Indus 

 Japan, 1889, 165, 393-5, 401, 403) gives an interesting account of the plan 

 and furnishes an illustration printed on kodzo-paper. (See Daphne, pp. 486- 

 Paper and Paper Materials, pp. 862-4.) 



[Cf. Stein, Ancient Khotan, 1907, 135; Kaempfer, Hist. Imp. Jap. (app.). 172 

 21-7 ; Mason, Burma and Its People, 1860, 522, 775 ; Fortune, Yedo an 

 Pekin, 1863, 122; Baden-Powell, in Journ. Soc. Arts, 1886, 709; Hosie, Thr 

 Years in W. China, 1890, 153 ; Corean Paper-making, in Ind. For., 1893, xix 

 199 ; Morris, Cantor Lect., Journ. Soc. Arts, 1895, 938 ; R.E.P., Comm. Cir 

 1895, No. 7 ; Dodge, Useful Fibre Plants of the World, 1897, 98-101 ; Bre 

 Schneider, Europ. Bot. Disc. China, 1898, 4, 54, 495, 763, 770, 773, 993 ; Dipl. an 

 Cons. Repts. (ann. ser.), 1900, v., No. 2511, 7-9; Craddock, in Ind. For., De 

 1900, xxvi., 613 ; Nisbet, Burma Under Brit. Rule and Before, 1901, i., 386 

 Wiesner, Die Rohst. des Pflanzenr., 1903, ii., 445-7 ; Hanausek, Micro. Tec 

 Prod. (Winton and Barber, transl.), 1907, 92-4.] 



BRUSHES AND BROOMS, Brush-making 1 Material 

 etc. ; Spans' Encycl., 1880, ii., 543-57 ; Jackson, Comm. Bot., etc., 189C 

 Thurston, Imp. Inst. Handbook, 1893, No. 12 ; Morris, Comm. Fibr* 

 Cantor Lect. 1895 ; Hannan, Text. Fibres of Comm., 1902, 141-65. 



Brooms are made all over India from a wide assortment 

 materials presently to be enumerated, the selection being as a ru 



186 



