BLACK DAMMAR 



CANARIUM 



its manifest ;m increase from 38,517 Ib. at Rs. 38,375 in 1899-1900 

 I _'!. >_':, lt>. at Its. 2,14,3(59 in l!Mi:> ',. [ iM)fi-7 they fell, however, to 

 TTfi Id ut Ks. 1,01,132. Bombay and Bengal are the chief ports of 

 [..iitniv. and Natal is ordinarily the best customer, though since 1904 



itcd Kingdom has stood first. 

 OH of Camphor. -There are two very distinct substances known by this Oil of 



One, is the oleo-rosin of Borneo, obtained by distillation of the wood Camphor. 

 liy tupping the trunks of itrymbnianait* 1'ntntthnra, which, being unable to 

 the pressure of the fluid, sometimes burst open or have their tissue broken 

 : eriial chambers. According to Gildemeister and Hoffmann ( Volatile 

 ,"><>:{) i his nil ia not obtainable on the market. The other so-called camphor- 

 Knrmosa and Japan is a brown liquid holding in solution much common 

 which is precipitated when the temperature of the liquid falls. The 

 nil is made by distilling chips of camphor- wood in water. After removal 

 (if the camphor which crystallises out on cooling, it represents a transparent 

 bright -yellow to brownish-yellow liquid oil having a penetrating odour. In 

 'sa it was formerly thrown away as worthless, but the Japanese used 

 id still use it to a considerable extent in connection with lacquer and varnish- 

 irk, besides extracting a considerable residue of camphor from it. A long 

 interesting paper on the various qualities of camphor-oil together with a 

 oription of the method of extracting refined camphor therefrom and of 

 mfacturing safrol from the "red oil" (crude oil after the removal of the Safrol. 

 ntial white oil and camphor) will be found in Schimmel & Co.'s Semi- Annual 

 rt (Oct. -Nov., 1902), being taken in part from the Journal of the Pharma- 

 tical Society of Japan (April, 1902, No. 242). It would appear that the 

 iphor is now extracted in Japan, whereas the oil was previously exported in 

 crude state, largely to Germany. [Cf. Shimoyama, Ace. in Trop. Agrist., 

 fov. 1901, xxi.] 



[Cf. Paulus JEgineta (Adams, Comment.), iii., 427 ; Marco Polo, 1298 (ed. Yule), 

 241 ; Varthema, Travels, 1510 (ed. Hakl. Soc.), 248 ; Garcia de Orta, 1563, 

 xii. ; Ball, Comment, in Proc. Roy. Ir. Acad., i. (ser. 3), 398 ; Ain-i-Akbari, 

 590 (Blochmann, transl., 1873), i., 78-9, 385; Linschoten, Voy. E. Ind. (ed. Hakl. 

 3.), 1598, i., 112, 120; ii., 67, 117-8; Birdwood and Forster, E.I.C. First 

 Book, 58, 289 ; Foster, E.I.C. Letters, iii., 240, etc. ; iv., 5-8 ; vi., 73 ; 

 3ks, Diary, 1623, ii., 343 ; Piso, Mant. Arom., in Ind. Utri. re Nat. et Med., 1658, 

 -8: Breyn, PI. Exot., 1678, Cent. i.. 11-7, Icon, 2; Milburn, Or. Comm., 

 U3, ii., 307, 500 ; Bennett, Wanderings N.-S. Wales, 1834, i., 175 ; Wiesner, 

 Rohst. des Pflanzenr., i., 544 ; Dewey, U.S. Dept. Agri. (Botany) Giro., 1897, 

 fo. 12 ; Der Tropenflanzer, ii., 87 ; iii., 555-6 ; iv., 202, 415 ; Journ. Linn. Soc., 

 414 ; Camphor Indust. for Ind., in Ind. For., 1900, xxvi., 284 ; Mukerji, 

 mdbook Ind. Agri., 1901, 435-8; Dipl. and Cons. Repts. Japan, 1903-4, 

 29 ; Journ. Soc. Chem. Indust. (many passages) ; Pharm. Journ. (many 

 3) ; Trop. Agri. (many passages).] 



CANARIUM, Linn.; Fl. Br. Ind., i., 531-6; BURSERACE.E. D.E.P., 

 en- are about 9 species in this genus, all large trees, and several of " e4 e - 

 icm afford useful resins. Considerable confusion exists, however, regarding Black 

 ieir respective products, so much so that the most satisfactory course Dammar ' 

 to assort the available information geographically. 



C. bengalense, fioxb., is the nerebi of Sibsagar and Sylhet of which Roxburgh 

 )te, " From fissures or wounds in the bark, a large quantity of a very pure, 

 r, amber-coloured resin exudes, which soon becomes hard and brittle, and 

 i not unliko copal, yet the Natives set no value on it." " In the Calcutta bazar, 

 is only valued at from 2 to 3 rupees for 7 maunds of 80 pounds weight each." 

 ost writers have repeated the above without either correcting or amplifying the 

 information, so that it is not known whether or not the resin is used economically. 

 C. commune, Linn., is the Java almond and the rata-kekuna of Ceylon. A 

 large tree of the Malay, but cultivated occasionally in India and Ceylou. 



C. resmilerum. Brace, is the dhuna, dhua, tekreng, etc. A large tree of 

 Assam, the Khasia and Garo hills. It would seem highly probable that this is 

 the chief source of the Canarinm resin of Assam which has hitherto been mostly 

 upposed to be afforded by r, tenga /!. Gamble says it gives a reein which 



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