CARTHAMUS 



TINCTORIUS 



THE SAFFLOWEK PLANT 



that are very beautiful and find a distinct place among the art treasures of 

 the residents in the eastern side of India, but are only rarely seen elsewhere. 



Bikanir. In Bikanir, plain-stitch rugs are regularly woven in wool, but in the same form 



as the cotton daris. The pattern most often employed recalls the barbaric 

 cross-stitch embroideries of Hissar and Sirsa. In Quetta, rugs and camel saddle- 

 cloths are largely woven in wool and richly ornamented with shells. They are 

 in stripes with patterns worked within, and to all intents and purposes should be 

 classed as khilims. 



Trade Trade in Carpets and Rugs The only available details concerning 



the export trade in Indian-made carpets and rugs refer to (a) Mats and 

 Matting of vegetable fibre : (6) Carpets and Rugs of wool. A summary 

 of available statistics on the former subject will be found on page 778, 

 so that it is only necessary to give here such particulars as are available 

 regarding the woollen carpets. The quantities are always estimated by 



Exports. pound weight, not number. The total weight exported from India to 



foreign countries in 1899-1900 was 1,691,577 lb., valued at Rs. 23,73,289; 

 in 1903-4, 1,878,202 lb., Rs. 26,04,576 ; and in 1906-7, 1,603,330 lb., 

 Rs. 20,89,516. In the last year, goods to the value of 11 lakhs of rupees 

 went from Bengal, 6 lakhs from Bombay, and 2 lakhs from Madras. The 

 increase in the total quantity and value of carpets, etc., exported in 

 1903-4 was due to an improvement in the trade in these articles with 

 the United Kingdom. The latter took in 1899-1900, 1,180,779 lb., 

 Rs. 17,21,987; and in 1903-4, 1,549,658 lb., Rs. 19,54,560; but in 

 1906-7 the quantity fell again to 1,346,144 lb., Rs. 15,66,113. The ex- 

 ports to Ceylon fell from 235,070 lb. in 1899-1900 to 2,980 lb. in 1903-4 ; 

 and in 1906-7 rose to 4,303 lb. The United States took quantities 

 varying from 223,551 lb. in 1899-1900 to 401,340 lb. in 1901-2 ; 266,526 lb. 



imports. in 1903-4 ; and 174,727 lb. in 1906-7. There is also a fairly extensive 



import trade in Carpets and Rugs, chiefly to Burma and Bombay, from 

 the United Kingdom and Germany. It amounted in 1899-1900 to 

 842,716 lb., Rs. 8,46,013 ; in 1903-4 to 887,192 lb., Rs. 8,96,738 ; and in 

 1906-7 to 1,016,055 lb., Rs. 10,56,679. 



D.E.P., 

 ii., 183. 

 Wild 

 Safflower. 



Cement. 



D.E.P., 

 ii., 183-95. 

 Cultivated 

 Safflower. 



CARTHAMUS OXYACANTHA, Bielt. ; Fl. Br. Ind., iii., 

 386 ; Ann. Rept. Indust. Mus. Cole., 1899-1900, 7-8 ; Watt, Agri. Ledg., 

 1901, No. 12 ; Ind. Art at Delhi, 1903, 231-3 ; COMPOSITE. 



Wild Safflower (the kuzburai, khdreza, of the Trans-Indus and karar, poliyan, 

 poli, kantidri, kandiara, mian kalai, etc., of the Panjab) is a native of the drier 

 arid tracts of North India. In Peshawar district it is peculiarly prevalent, the 

 spinose clumps constituting an objectionable feature of the grassy tracts. Where 

 met with in fair abundance the seeds (or to be more correct, fruits) are collected 

 on account of the large quantity of oil which they contain. This oil is the 

 chief ingredient in the Afridi wax-cloth presently to be described, and may also 

 be used as a glass cement. 



C. tinctorius, Linn. ; Cnicus Indicus, Rumph., Herb. Amb., 1750, v., 

 215-20, pi. 79 (2) ; Mukerji, Handbook Ind. Agri., 1901, 292-5 ; Mollison, 

 Textbook Ind. Agri., 1901, iii., 98-101 ; Abbey- Yates, Agri. Ledg., 

 1904, No. 11. The Cultivated Safflower, Bastard Saffron, Carthamine 

 Dye, the kusum, kdsumba, kusumbo, kusiibi, kardi, kdbri, ma, sufir, kar 

 or karar, sendurgam, agnisikha, hebu, su, subdn, etc. The Arabic usfur 

 (Ibn Baithar, 1200 A.D., ii., 196) assumed various forms and gave us the 

 English name: thus affiore (Pegolotti, Pratica di Mercat., 1343, 372), 

 asfiore, asfrole, astifore, asfiori, zaffrole or zaffrone, saffiore and finally 

 safflower. Another Arabic name, kurtum (used in the Makhzan), may 



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