CEMENTS 



AND MATERIALS 



USED 



Medicine. 



OLEUM NIGRUM 



Trade in 

 Cedar. 



Indian 

 Supply. 



MEDICINE, and the Arab physician Avicenna (about 1000 A.D., ii., 2, 213) said 

 that it was called sanubar-el-hindi and that it was useful in rheumatism, paralysis, 

 etc. Ebn Baithar republishes the information given by Avicenna. [C/. 

 Celsius, Hierob., etc., 1745, 74-105 ; Veitch, Man. Conif., 1881, 134 ; Tropische 

 Agri., v., 258-61.] 



Trade. It is next to impossible to give a definite statement of the 

 annual supply of this timber. It is floated down the rivers in the form 

 of logs, sleepers, or scantlings. The oil which it contains prevents it 

 getting waterlogged, so that comparatively speaking few pieces get irre- 

 trievably lost ; nevertheless the obstacle that bars an extended use is the 

 cost of transit from the forests to the markets. The Forest Administration 

 Reports of the .Panjdb, of the North-West Frontier Province, and of 

 the United Provinces give particulars of the deodar removals from the 

 forests owned or leased by Government, as also of the imports of that 

 timber from Native States or foreign territory. The Statistical Depart- 

 ment of the Government of India also gives particulars of the Trans- 

 frontier traffic in which certain facts are given of imported timber. Com- 

 paring and analysing all these and such-like returns it may be affirmed 

 that the annual supply obtained by the plains of India comes to approxi- 

 mately from 3 to 4 million cubic feet of this timber. The supplies come 

 mainly from the forests of the Pan jab proper (Chamba, Kullu, Kangra, 

 Bashahr, etc.), of Kashmir and Afghanistan, of Hazara, Kagan eastward 

 to Jaunsar the Tonse, Jumna, Bhagirathi, etc. 



[Gf. Paulus ^Egineta (Adams, Comment.), iii., 450 ; Taleef Shereef (Playfair, 

 transl.), 1833, 83 : McDonell, 2nd. For., 1885, xi., 213-20 ; Mian Moti Singh, 

 2nd. For., 1882, viii., 268 ; 1893, xix., 168-74 ; Ind. For., 1898, xxiv., 61 ; Phar- 

 macog. Ind., iii., 380-2 ; Wiesner, Die Rohst. dee Pflanzenr., 1903, ii., 147, etc. ; 

 Mclntire, Ann. Repts. For. Dept. Working Plans Pb. For., 1895 ; etc., etc.] 



CELASTRUS PANICULATA, Wittd. ; Fl Br. Ind., i., 617 ; 

 PJiarmacog. Ind., i., 343-5 ; Gamble, Man. Ind. Timbs., 1902, 175-6 ; 

 Brandis, Ind. Trees, 1906, 162 ; CELASTRINE^:. The Black-oil plant, 

 mdl-kangni, mdl-kungi, sankhu, Jcujuri, jiotish-mati, etc. A scandent shrub 

 of the outer Himalaya from the Jhelum to Assam, ascending to 4,000 feet, 

 also of Eastern Bengal, Bihar, South India, Burma and Ceylon. 



The seeds yield by expression a deep scarlet or yellow OIL, which is used 

 in MEDICINE for external application. It is also burnt in lamps and employed 

 in certain religious ceremonies, but its chief interest lies in the fact that by 

 destructive distillation along with benzoin, cloves, nutmegs and mace is ob- 

 Oleum Nigrum. tained the oleum nigrum of pharmacy, an empyreumatic fluid usefully em- 

 ployed, according to Dr. Herklot, in the treatment of beri-beri. In doses of 

 10 to 15 drops, black-oil is powerfully stimulant and diaphoretic. It is chiefly 

 manufactured in the Northern Circars, the best quality being that of Vizaga- 

 patam and Ellore. The price of the seed is said to be about 2 annas per lb., and 

 the oil about Rs. 20 per cwt. Moodeen Sheriff (Mat. Med. Mad., 1891, 106-8), 

 the Tahef Shereef (Playfair, transl., 1833, 148) and other writers say that the 

 seeds are supposed to have the property of stimulating the intellect. The red 

 seeds and the leaves are also employed in Native medicine. \Cf. Gamble, Man. 

 Ind. Timbs., 175-6 ; Cooke, Fl. Pres. Bomb., i., 231 ; Duthie, Fl. Upper Gang. 

 Plain, i., 158-9 ; Brandis, Ind. Trees, 162 ; etc.]. 



D.E.P., 

 ii., 237-9. 

 Black-oil. 



on. 



Medicine. 



Prices. 



D.E.P., 

 ii., 245. 

 Cement 

 Materials. 



CEMENTS and materials used. Agri. Ledg., 1902, No. 5 ; 

 142-4 ; Ind. Art at Delhi, 1903, 95-6, 218 ; Papers relating to Magnesia 

 Cement (a reprint of reports, letters, etc., dating from 1826 to 1837), 

 issued by Madras Government. 



Cements are commonly distinguished under five groups : (a) calcareous ; (6) 

 gelatinous ; (c) glutinous ; (d) resinous ; and (e) various materials. Since 

 nearly all cements contain lime, the reader is referred to the article on that 



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