CARRIED TO INDIA 



linn this l.ricl'siaiiMii.-nt. I u I H 1 .'> (-..lice drinking was curried to Venice. In 1644 

 i, -i d.-llaVallc i....k it i .. Marseilles. Jolm Uougliton (I'hil. Trans. London, 1809, 

 .ys that Rastall, an English merchant, w,nt to Leghorn in 1651, and 

 .mid . .'ttee-houses. In the year following Mr. Daniel Edwards, amerchant 

 from Smyrna, brought to England a Greek servant named Pasqua, who mode 

 his coffee. Sh ..rtly after Pasqua was enabled to set up a public coffee-house in 

 Cornhill. It is further alnrmed l.y Houghton that Dr. Harvoy, the iliscoverer 

 of the circulation of the Mood, frequently used coffee. But Henry Phillips 

 I' ,n,irium Britan,, 1820, 112) says that Nathaniel Conopios, a Cretan, mode 

 his common Leverage at Baliol College, Oxford, in 1641. This same fact 

 is alluded to l.\ K\ clyii (Memoirs, 1819, 7) as having taken place in May 1637. 

 It.T.". Charles 11., by an ill-judged proclamation, in which he characterised 

 coffee-houses as seminaries of sedition, endeavoured to close them, but the 

 a.s suspended a few days later. By 1688, according to John Ray, Lonil.ni 

 ailed the Grand Cairo in the number of its coffee-houses. Lord Bacon (Sylva 

 , 1658, Century viii., 185), speaks of the coffa drink used by the Turku, but 

 had apparently no personal knowledge of it. In 1657 the Turkish Ambassador 

 human Aga inudo coffee-drinking fashionable in Paris, and in consequence the 

 ited coffee-berries sold in Paris during 1670 at 5 a pound. It seems probable, 

 iwever, that through M. Thevenot coffee was definitely introduced about 

 67, but that the habit of coffee-drinking was not general in Paris until 1680. 

 1690 live seeds having been conveyed to Batavia, a plant was shortly after 

 :en to Amsterdam and in 1712 the Dutch presented a seedling from this to 

 uis XIV., and still later from that plant seedlings were sent to Martinique, 

 me de Genlis (La Bot. Hist, et Litter., 1811, i., 193) tells how M. Desclieux, 

 ho went to Martinique in 1720, as Lieutenant of the King, in the same ship 

 tli the seedlings, gallantly saved them by depriving himself daily of the greater 

 ,rt of his allotted portion of water the ship's supplies having run short. He 

 in consequence the good fortune to see the plants arrive in safety and a new 

 urce of wealth thereby added to the island. M. de Candolle, M. Edelestan 

 in and many other writers allude to this incident. In 1723 coffee was taken 

 the Portuguese to Java ; in 1728 Sir Nicholas Laws introduced it into Jamaica, 

 d in 1770 it was conveyed to Rio de Janeiro. 



The history of the introduction of coffee into India is very obscure. Most 

 iters agree that it was brought to Mysore some two centuries ago by a Muham- 

 pilgrim named Baba Budan, who, on his return from Mecca, brought seven 

 .8 with him. This tradition is so universally believed in, by the inhabitants 

 the greater part of South India, that there seems every chance of its being 

 nnded on fact. About the beginning of the 19th century there is no doubt coffee 

 found its way to India, and in 1823 a charter was granted to Fort Gloster, near 

 alcHt t . i. authorising it to become a cotton mill, a coffee plantation and a rum 

 itillery. Some of the coffee trees planted in fulfilment of that charter are sup- 

 to be still alive, and about the same time coffee was successfully grown in 

 ie Botanic Gardens, Calcutta ; but needless to say the industry of coffee planting 

 where found an abiding place on the plains of India but migrated to the hills 

 South India, in Mysore more especially, and thus into the very region where 

 ition affirms it had been introduced two centuries previously. The first 

 tematic plantation was apparently Mr. Cannon's near Chikmuglur. This was 

 .blished in 1830. It is supposed, however, that Major Bevan may have 

 tually grown coffee on the Wynoad at a slightly earlier date, and that Mr. 

 ikburn's Shevaroy plantation bears the same date as Mr. Cannon's. In 1840 

 Glasson formed a plantation at Manan toddy, and in 1846 plantations were 

 ised on the Nilgiri hills. In Ceylon it is believed coffee was introduced by 

 Arabs prior to the Portuguese invasion of that island. It was commenced 

 be systematically cultivated by the Dutch from about 1690. In 1825 the first 

 antation by an Englishman was opened by Sir Edwards Barnes. In 1877 it was 

 ated that the capital invested in Ceylon coffee was close on 14,000,000. 

 fungal disease (n-niiiein r*ff '.) appeared about 1869 and spread rapidly, 

 ily weakening the bushes and reducing their yielding capacity, so that by 

 87 the Ceylon industry was completely ruined. 



It would occupy many pages to give anything like a complete enumeration 

 of even the more important works on coffee. [The following in supplement of 

 those already given in the Dictionary, and of those mentioned above, will be found 

 specially worthy of study : Thevenot, Travels in Levant, Indostan, etc. (Engl. 

 transl.), 1687, pt. i., 162-3; pt. ii., 11, 21 ; Dafour, UEmploi du Cafe, 1671 ; also 



307 



COFFEA 



ARABICA 

 History 



In Venice. 



In Leghorn. 

 In London. 



In Oxford. 



In Paris. 



Cultivation 

 in Europe. 



In Mauritius. 



Coffee in 

 India. 



First Plantation. 



Ceylon 

 Planting. 



