SEPARATORS 



DAIRY FARMING 



Condensed 



. t horofore, a different substance from desiccated or strained dahi, alt I. 



usod l>y tlu HwiHitmuat makers. It hat* been recently uphold 

 (hut tin- /,/<' '-r Ichowa (mawa) made from separated milk is as good and market- 

 ililo mi article as that from whole milk, and hence the double profit in th< 

 ui'l ill.- Iniiti T. It lias also often been urged that India might do a large trade 

 n i h prodMi-imn ? < oadensed milk and in milk boiled down to po\vd<T. Sweden, 

 M;|; Us population <>f livo mill liovod to produce annually and 



nun u..n h of preserved and dried milk, a large share of which comes to India, 

 i of India it If , ^porting these preparations of milk. Thorpe and others 

 I minted out t lint the action of sugar in desiccated milk is preservative, but 

 !'.,! this purposK !_' percent, of the weight of the milk must be sugar. [Cf. 

 M-limumi, The Book of the Diary (Aikman and Wright, transl.), 1896,282-6; 



, Diet. Appl. Chem., ii., 615.] 



KcputL-d Preservative Agents. In this connection also reference may be made 

 T.I ;h" passage above where Buchanan-Hamilton remarks that it is very 

 ly the universal practice to boil the milk immediately it is drawn from the 

 w, goat, etc. This fact cannot be reiterated too frequently. It will have 

 m observed also that the earthen pots into which the animals are milked are 

 ten so nasty, to European taste, as to be regarded as destroying the milk. It 

 ,y be explained that in many parts of India it is customary to smoke the milking- 

 ts, but whether this is done to directly impart the smoky flavour or from the 

 iof that it has a protective action, does not appear to have been investigated. 

 ien milk is to bo carried for a distance it is placed in earthen pots with fairly 

 go open mouths. These are swung over the shoulder by means of a bamboo, 

 d a swift runner carries the milk to its destination. Within the mouths of such 

 ihen or brass pots it is customary to find a few twigs or leaves such as rice 

 ,w, date-palm leaves, twigs of <'o-<-n/f I-HIUMHM or leaves of PetittHnin 

 iv.r. The milkmen affirm these prevent the milk turning sour, but it is much 

 ore likely that their action is mechanical in preventing the milk from lapping 

 er or being churned. i'orcninn and JVrfHnii are known to have the curious 

 iperty of thickening water, and may be added to the milk with the object 

 of preventing the detection of water adulteration. Any one who will take the 

 trouble to go to a railway station in the early morning and witness the arrival 

 if Calcutta's daily supply of milk will not be surprised at the danger of direct 

 d accidental adulteration, but rather at the rarity of outbreaks of disease 

 eing attributed to the impurities of milk. Speaking of Bombay experience, 

 Lisboa (Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1887, ii., 143) mentions the fact that 

 arrowroot is employed to thicken milk which has been]^ watered. [Cf. Agri. 



1893, No. 17, 114-5 ; Pharm. Journ., I.e.] 



In concluding these observations on the preservation and manipulation 

 f milk it may be added that boracic acid, carbonate of soda, carbonic acid, 

 .licylic acid, oxygen and saltpetre, as also several other substances, 

 re all spoken of as milk-preservatives, because they retard the action of 

 e bacteria. 



Separators. Some few years ago (1889), at the suggestion of the 

 Bombay Government, the Dairy Supply Company sent Mr. Howman to 

 India in order to " ascertain by trial whether the cream separator is 

 needed in India, and whether it can be profitably utilised in the manu- 

 ,cture of ghi. After an extended tour in several provinces, and after 

 ving made various trials, the following conclusions were published : 



" 1. Tak, a bye-product of j/Ai-making, can be prepared perfectly well 

 from separated milk. 



2. Mawa or Khowa, which consists of desiccated milk sweetened with 

 iugar, can be made from separated milk, and the cream saved for butter 

 or ghi. 



" 3. As much Ghi can be made from separated cream as by the Native 

 process." [Agri. Ledg., I.e. 111.] 



There are many designs or patterns of separators, but the principle is 

 the same in all. They take advantage of the fact that cream or butter-fat 

 is lighter than milk. By centrifugal force the liquid revolving within a 



473 



Condensed 



Milk. 



Action of. 

 Sugar. 



Preserva- 



tiveAgents. 



Smoked Milk. 



Thickening 

 Water. 



Chemical 

 Agents. 



Separators. 



Tat. 



J/itr.i. 



Ghi. 



Cream lighter 

 than Milk. 



