ri,KANiN<; AM> <;INMN<; 



D.E.P., 

 iv., 153-5. 



Gins. 



Indian Gin*. 



GOSSYPIUM 



CLEANING, 

 GINNING. ETC. 



Tin- plant in <|in'-ti<>n matures very early and is morv prmlm-tivi- than 

 ini-iht be expected. He classifies the protective developments into tin- 

 following :--(!) tlioM- calculated to avoid the weevils by L'-in-raI habits of 

 growth ; (_) tliusc u hull exclude the weevils or at least hinder their opera- 

 tions in tin- lunU and hulls ; (3) those which attract insect enemies such 

 a- the weevil-eating kelep ; and (4) those which prevent the development 

 of thi> \vi-cvil larva? even after the eggs have oeen laid. 



l'ulili<-<itiong of U.S. Dept. Agri. : Riley, Cotton-worm and Boll-worm 

 (t'.ntoinnl.], lsv>. 1 :{8l; and Bibliography. 382-4 (numerous plates); Maliey. 

 Hull worm of Cotton, (Entomol.) Bull. 1891, No. 24; Howard, Insect* that Affect 

 > PI. (Entomol.), 1897, No. 47 ; Smith, Wilt Disease of Cotton, ( Veg. Pathology) 

 />//. is-iii. No. 17; also Orton. Bull. 1900, No. 27; Hunter, The Mexican 

 boll Weevil, Farm. Bull. 1904, No. 189 ; Quaintance, The Cotton Boll-worm, 

 Farm. Bull. 1904, No. 191 ; Cook, Habits of Kelep or Guatemalan Cotton-boll 

 ! Ant, (Entomol.) Bull. 1904, No. 49; U.S. Yearbook Dept. Agri., 

 175-88, t. Ixvii. ; Hunter and Hinds, Mexican Cotton Boll-weevil, (Entomol.) 

 Hull. I'.KM, N<>. 45; 1905, No. 51; Hunter, Controlling Boll-weevil in Cotton 

 Seed and at Ginneries, Farmer a Bull. 1904, No. 209 ; also Use of Paris Green, 

 Fannir'a Bull. Nos. 211, 216; Quaintance and Brues, The Cotton Boll-worm, 

 (K(u,nol.) Bull. 1905 No. 50; Lewton-Brain, West Ind. Bull., 1904, v., No. 2, 

 * 94 (Anthracnoae) ; 1905, vi., No. 2, 117-23 (Block Boll.).} 



VI. CLEANING, GINNING AND BALING, ETC. The scientific 

 officers who accompanied Alexander the Great and his successors to 

 India described the cleaning, ginning, spinning and weaving of cotton 

 in such detail that it is matter of great surprise that these operations 

 took so much time and study to be fully accepted in Europe. There may 

 be said to have been known in India from time immemorial two forms 

 of gins, viz. the foot roller and the churka. The former is very little used 

 nowadays, though specially applicable to some of the forms of hard-seeded 

 cotton. The latter consists of two rollers of wood, or of iron made to 

 revolve towards each other by hand labour, communicated by a crank or 

 wheel. The seed-cotton is presented at one side against the rollers, the 

 lint passes through, and the seed falls down in front. This is improved 

 by modern contrivances and worked by water power or steam. 



The word " gin " is an abbreviation of " engine " which began to have 

 the meaning of machinery shortly after the discovery of steam. The use 

 of that name in India usually denotes the employment of foreign machines 

 for separating lint from seed. A special gin was, for example, invented by Modern Gins. 

 Whitney to remove the firmly adhering wool of G. hi runt it m, and came 

 to be known as the " saw-gin " because it consists of a series of blunt 

 toothed circular saws made to revolve within the interstices of an iron bed 

 which forms the base of a large hopper. The fibre is caught by the teeth 

 and dragged through, leaving the seed behind. This was, however, found 

 to injure the cotton and, moreover, was not necessary with the Sea 

 Island and other cottons, where the lint separates readily. This led to 

 Macarthy's gin, now very extensively employed for long-stapled cottons. Macarthy'* Gin. 

 In this contrivance the seed-cotton is drawn in by a leather roller 

 between a metal plate, known as the "doctor," which is fixed tangentially 

 to the roller. A blade called the " beater " is so adjusted as to strike the 

 cotton repeatedly and thus cause the seed to fall out. 



It may be said, however, that no modern machine injures the lint and 

 seed less than the Native churka its one defect is its slowness, and CHurka. 

 therefore inaptitude for dealing with large quantities. To this fact is 

 due a modern feature, and one of no small importance to the Indian 



611 



Saw-gin. 



