GREWIA 



Fishing-rods 



GEAPHITE AND BLACKLEAD 



The Future. 



D.E.P., 



vi., pt. i., 

 92-4. 

 Plumbago . 



Production. 



Uses. 



D.E.P., 

 iv., 177-84. 



Fibre. 



Timber. 



Fruits. 



to about one- quarter its present extent. That is to say, one-half the total 

 production is exported raw and one-quarter in the form of yarn, thus 

 leaving one-quarter to meet the existing local demands. The great feature 

 of the future may be said to be the extent to which Indian manufactures 

 of piece goods may curtail the imports from foreign countries, just as the 

 production of yarn has most certainly curtailed imports of yarn from 

 foreign countries into India. 



[Cf. Milburn, Or. Comm., 1813, i., 279-82 ; Royle, Cult, and Comm. of Cotton 

 in India, 1851, 62-81 ; Medlicott, Cotton Handbook for Bengal, 1862 ; Beaufort, 

 Indian Cotton Stat., 1889 ; also India's Trade in Cotton Goods and Yarns, in 

 Indust. Quart. Rev., 1892 ; Brooks, Cotton, etc., 1898, 240-354 ; Imp. Oaz. iii., 202-3, 

 281-2; Kept, of the Chamber of Comm. Beng., 1903; Austin, Cotton Trade of 

 the United States and the World's Cotton Supply and Trade, 1900 ; Wat kins, 

 The Comm. Cotton Crops, in U.S. Dept. Agri. Stat. Bull. 1904, No. 28; 1905, 

 No. 34; The Cotton Industry, Tariff Comm. Kept., June 6, 1905.] 



GRAPHITE ; Ball, Man. Econ. Geol Ind., iii., 50-6 ; Holland, 

 Mem. Geol Surv. Ind., 1900, xxviii., 126 ; 1901, xxx., 174 ; Eec. Geol. Surv. 

 Ind., 1905, xxxii., pt. 1, 51. Graphite consists almost entirely of pure carbon 

 with a small proportion of iron. It is known also as Blacklead and Plum- 

 bago from its appearance, though lead does not enter into its composition. 



A full account of the various localities where graphite has been found in 

 India is given in the Dictionary, but though these are fairly numerous and scattered 

 over a wide area, it is only in the State of Travancore that any progress in graphite 

 mining has been made. Prospecting has also been attempted in the Godavari 

 district, Madras Presidency, and in the Ruby Mines district of Upper Burma. 

 According to Holland, regular returns were not available before 1901, but for 

 the period 1901-3 the following records of production in Travancore are avail- 

 able : 1901, 2,490 tons ; 1902, 4,575 tons ; 1903, 3,394 tons. 



Graphite is used chiefly in the manufacture of pencils, crucibles, grate and 

 iron-work polish, as a lubricator for machinery, in electrotyping, in the facings 

 of moulds, etc., etc. In India the native mineral appears to be but occasionally 

 utilised, and then only for polishing pottery. 



GREWIA, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind., i., 383-93 ; Gamble, Man. Ind. 

 Timbs., 1902, 108-12 ; Duthie, Fl. Upper Gang. Plain, 1903, 109-17 ; Prain, 

 Beng. PL, i., 281-4 ; TILIACE^E. A genus of plants which contains about 

 60 species, 12 only being trees, the rest shrubs or climbers. Of these 36 

 are natives of India. 



The species of twrficia are of little economic importance apart from the fact 

 that the inner bark of most species yields a FIBRE, used in the manufacture of ropes 

 and sometimes of paper. Some have a tough and close-grained wood, recommended 

 for purposes where elasticity and strength are required. Accordingly the chief 

 articles manufactured of these woods are banghy-poles, bows, axe and spear 

 handles and the like. Dr. Bidie, in an article in The Fishing Gazette, 1897 (quoted 

 in Ind. For., 1897, xxiii., 148), remarks that the wood of three species, G. oj*/*ifi- 

 ftttiii. fw. tiiifffoiiii and *. rentltii. should make excellent material for fishing- 

 rods. The fruits of many of the species are edible. The most important are : 

 G. tifiiatien, Linn,, the phalsa, shukri, dahmni ; wild in Central and South 

 India, cultivated elsewhere. a. el*ft>, Royle, the dhdman ; indigenous and 

 planted from Hazara and the Panjab Salt Range to Sikkim at 3,000 to 

 6,000 feet. ft. oj*/>o*if*/o/i. Roxb., the biul, pastuwanne, etc. ; North- West 

 Himalaya, from the Indus to Nepal, ascending to 6,000 feet. ft. tuiiffoint. Vaht., 

 the pharsa, khesla, etc. ; Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna to Nepal, 

 ascending to 4,000 feet. ; Central and South India ; Upper Burma ; low country 

 of Ceylon. ft. -e*m, Wall., the dhamun, sealposra, etc. Indigenous in 

 the Sub-Himalayan tract from Dehra Dun to Assam ; according to Gamble, 

 common in sal and similar forests. [Cf. Pharmacog. Ind., 1890, i., 238 ; Dodge, 

 Useful Fibre PL of the World, 1897, 187 ; Woodrow, Gard. in Ind., 1899, 189 ; 

 Agri. Ledg., 1901, No. 9, 212 ; Firminger, Man. Gard. Ind., 1904, 286.] 



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