MANGANESE 



Chief Ores 



TRADE IN ALE AND BEER 



Special 

 Demand. 



Competition. 



Imports. 



Total Traffic. 



Contributing 

 Countries. 



Keceiving 

 Ports. 



D.E.P., 

 v., 144-6. 



Output. 



Classification. 



to get through that supply during the repast. For many years this practice 

 has died out, and the demand been steadily made for a higher grade, lighter 

 beer. This was first met by the Indian brewers. But in time there ap- 

 peared on the Indian markets not only new firms with light ales and beers, 

 but all the older ones had to respond to the popular desire, and in conse- 

 quence of this keen competition the Indian breweries lost temporarily 

 some portion of the position they had attained. 



Imports. To contrast with the Indian production, already given, 

 the following figures of the import trade may now be recorded. In 1900-1 

 India received of ale, beer and porter, 3,226,534 gallons, valued at 

 Rs. 46,82,648 ; in 1902-3, 3,820,938 gallons, valued at Rs. 51,66,378 ; 

 and in 1904-5, 4,607,530 gallons, valued at Rs. 60,41,973 (402,798), or 

 say, on an average, two-thirds the quantity brewed in India. In sub- 

 sequent years the imports were : 1905-6, 5,002,448 gallons, valued at 

 Rs. 62,95,616; and in 1906-7, 4,916,294 gallons, valued at Rs. 60,27,011. 

 Of these foreign imports by far the major portion comes from the United 

 Kingdom. Out of the totals mentioned, for example, the United King- 

 dom supplied in 1900-1, 3,014,064 gallons ; in 1902-3, 3,581,544 gallons; 

 and in 1906-7, 4,506,145 gallons, the only other important country being 

 Germany, with an average of over 200,000 gallons ior each of the past 

 five years. The receiving ports are Bombay the chief emporium for 

 the large military towns of Northern India followed by Burma, Bengal, 

 Sind and Madras, in the order of importance named. It seems, however,, 

 that some of the beers imported from England may be of German origin, 

 though it is perfectly true that Pilsener and Lager are now merely trade 

 names for certain qualities of light beers, and do not necessarily denote 

 German manufacture. 



[(?/. Battershall, Food Adult, and Its Detect., 1887, 132-56 ; Southby, Practical 

 Brewing, 1895 ; Allen, Comm. Organ. Anal., 1898, 80-5 ; O'Gorman, Malt Liquor 

 of Ind., in Ind. Med. Gaz., 1899, 200-3 ; Blount and Bloxam, Chem. for Engin. 

 and Manuf., 1900, 189-208 ; Blyth, Foods, Their Compos, and Anal., 1903, 

 4101, 408-40 ; Journ. Soc. Chem. Induxt. (numerous passages).] 



MANGANESE ; Ball, Man. Econ. Geol Ind., iii., 326-32 ; Bose, 

 Manganese-iron and Ores of Jabbalpur, in Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind., 1888, xxi., 

 pt. 3, 71-89 ; 1889, xxii., pt. 4, 216-26 ; 1904, xxxi., pt. 1, 47-8 ; pt. 4, 

 235-6 ; Holland, Rev. Min. Prod., in Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind., 1905, xxxii., 

 pt. 1, 13, 55-63 ; 1906, xxxiii., pt. 2, 94-100 ; Fermor, Trans. Min. Geol 

 Inst. Ind., 1906, i., 69-131. In India the commonest ores are psilomelane, 

 a complex manganate ; braunite, a sesquioxide and silicate combined ; 

 and pyrolusite, or the black peroxide. The peroxide has the following 

 names, kolsa-Jca-pathar, ingani, nijni, iddali kalu, etc. 



Production. In 1906 India took the first place among the manganese- 

 producing countries of the world. In 1903 the output was 171,806 tons ; 

 in 1904, 150,297 tons ; and in 1905, 253,896 tons. The most important 

 deposits occur in the Central Provinces, Madras, Central India and Mysore. 

 In 1905 the production of the Central Provinces was 159,950 tons ; 

 in Madras, 63,695 ; and in Central India, 30,251. Investigations into the 

 manganese-ore deposits of India were started in 1903-4 by the Geological 

 Survey, and a summary of the results is given by Fermor. It has been 

 shown that the deposits can be classified into (a) braunite, psilomelane 

 and pyrolusite, associated with and derived from manganese-bearing 

 silicates in the Archaean schists and gneisses. Examples occur in Narukot 



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