CENTRES OF PRODUCTION 



MANGANESE 



T ratio 



manganese. 



in Bombay ; Jhabua in Central India ; Balaghat, Bhandara, ( 'hhindwara 



a.iil Naiipur m tin- (Viitral Provinces ; Ganjain and Vizagapatam in 



.Ma. Iras, (b) Psilomelane and pyroliuite, in part superti< lallv formed on 



outcrops of rocks of Dharwar age, with which the ores are also embedded. 



These occur in Singhbhum in Bengal ; Dharwar and Panch MahaU in 



Boml.av ; Jabbalpur in the Central Provinces ; Samiur lulls in Madras. 



(c) Psilomelane and pyrolusite, associated with or contained in latehte. 



Tli.-M- ocrur iii Belgaumand Satara in Bombay ; Jabbalpur in the Central 



Provinces. 



Chief Centre*. Punch Mahals in Bombay ; Jhabua in Central India; 



Balaghat, Bhandara, Chhind wara and Nagpur in the Central Provinces ; 

 ipatam and the Sandur hills in Madras; and Shimoga district, 



M\ M>re, are the localities in which economically important deposits are 



located and worked. 



Uses. The uses to which the ores of manganese are put are somewhat u. 



varied. The peroxide is extensively employed in glass-making, to destroy 

 the green colour. The same oxide is used in porcelain painting and glazing 

 for the fine brown colour it yields, while violet colours are got from the 

 carbonate (Ind. Art at Delhi, 1903, 22). The ores are now mainly em- 

 ployed in the manufacture of ferro -manganese for use in the manufacture Fem>- 

 ot mild steel. For use in steel-making, manganese ores should not contain 

 more than 0'25 per cent, phosphorus, nor more than 10 per cent, silica. 

 Under conditions laid down by the Carnegie Steel Company, ores con- 

 taining less than 40 per cent, manganese and more than P 27 per cent, 

 phosphorus or 12 per cent, silica may be rejected at the option of the 

 buyer. Holland deplores the exports, since " the whole industry is at 

 present equivalent to a heavy loss to the country." The ore exported is 

 worth perhaps Rs. 30 a ton; whereas India gets merely the margin left after indivt share in 

 paying the heavy freight charges, and possibly Rs. 15 a ton can be regarded l 

 as the profit divided between the railways, the miners and the owners. He 

 then concludes : " If a flourishing steel-manufacturing industry existed 

 in the country, much of the manganese would be retained in India, and 

 the lower-grade ores would be economically developed. As it is, our 

 manganese-ore is being exported to the three great steel-producing countries 

 England, United States and Germany." 



Trade. As regards foreign trade, the EXPORTS have in recent years Trade. 

 shown a considerable increase, especially in 1905-6. In 1900-1, they 

 amounted to 2,613,394 cwt., valued at Rs. 12,51,639 ; in 1904-5, to 

 3,618,909 cwt., valued at Rs. 24,07,681 ; and in 1906-7, 9,859,855 cwt., 

 valued at Rs. 70,88,280. The largest quantity goes to the United King- Export*, 

 dom, viz. in 1906-7, 4,392,130 cwt. Then follow the United States, 

 2,786,400 cwt. ; Belgium, 1,971,614 cwt. ; France, 669,710 cwt. ; Holland, 

 40,000 cwt. In the same year the share of Bombay in the exports was 

 7,010,863 cwt.; Madras, 2,130,701 cwt.; Bengal, 718,291 cwt. Tables 

 showing the variation in the price of manganese ore at the United Kingdom 

 ports since 1890 are given by Holland. In 1903 the price for ore carrying 

 over 50 per cent, of the metal, delivered at United Kingdom ports or at 

 New York, ranged between 9 and 10 pence per unit, or in other words, 

 an ore containing 52 per cent, manganese would be valued at 39 shillings 

 a ton. These prices have considerably risen since, and during 1906 reached 

 16 pence per unit, the higher rates having greatly stimulated production 

 in India. 



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