RELATIONSHIP TO BOILS 

 Crops in C. Prov., 1894, 10) states that the rice-growing arwas fall 



thiv- hnote. Tii-- '!:-' lies Hi tli.- north. ;iu-l oiiipris-s the nou' 



'ii (if tli.- l);iiiioh district, the .lall).il])iii .d part of Manilla, 



te ln-iv urown from seed, sown broadcast, un<: ; is rarely irn- 



In Mack-soil li.-lil-, M|I hefore 



wheat. On lighter land it forms tin- .,nl\ > mpof the year. Th second 

 uav In- ilr-i-ribed as the Wainganga valley fn. m in theSeoni 



district to its t>-niiination in Chaiida, and includes the southern portion of 

 S.-om. the low country of Balaghat below tin- hills, and the eastern p< 

 of Bluini l.ii-ii am I 'liiim la, wit h isolated patches at the northern and sou* 



mities of the Nagpur distm t. In these localities most of the crop is 

 _M-O\V!I from traus])hinti'<l seedlings, and a large proportion is irrigated from 

 The third tract consists of the plain of Chattisgarh and the 8am- 

 l)al]ur district, forming the valleys of the Seonath and Mahanadi rivers. 

 The common method of cultivation in Chattisgarh is to sow thickly broad- 

 cast and then to plough up the seedlings when they have made some progress, 

 leaving the land a mass of mud, weeds and rice plants, from which a pro- 

 portion of the latter make good growth. This process is known as bean 

 in Raipur and Bilaspur, and as bilura in Sambalpur. Transplantation 

 of rice is almost unknown in Chattisgarh proper, i.e. in the Raipur and 

 Bilaspur districts, and though tanks are numerous, the whole of the crop 

 is practically unirrigated. [Cf. Dist. Settl. Kept*., C. Prov. ; Rept. Operat. 

 [>t'f>t. A<(n.. < '. Prov., 1894-5, 15 ; Craddock, Rept. Li, i /,'. . Settl., Nagpur, 

 1899, 61-2 ; Rept. Dept. Land Rec. and Agri.. <'. Prov., 1902-3, 10-11.] 



Panjab and .\orth-West Frontier. The area in the Panjab in 

 1905-6 was 493,062 acres, and in the North-West Frontier 29,647 acres. 

 The largest areas in the former were : Kangra, 96,938 acres ; Gur- 

 daspur, 52,361 acres ; Sialkot, 38,151 acres ; Amritsar, 33,217 acres ; Dera 

 Ghazi Khan, 32,152 acres, etc. ; in the latter : Hazara, 12,793 acres ; 

 Peshawar, 12,053 acres. 



Methods of Cultivation. In the Upper Kangra valleys, where abundance 

 of water, high temperature and a peculiar soil which favours its growth, 

 are found in combination, rice is the staple product. It is also grown in 

 the irrigated parts of Dehra and Nurpur. Coarser kinds are grown with- 

 out irrigation in the more elevated parts of the district. There are upwards 

 of 60 cultivated forms, of which the most esteemed are begami, bdsmati, 

 jhinwa, nakanda, katnddh, and rangari. Each has its special locality, e.g. 

 Rihlu is famous for its begami, Palam for its basmati. Of the coarser kinds, 

 the best known are kath6n and kolhena ; of the inferior unirrigated 

 rora, kaluna, dhdkar. Where irrigation is possible, rice is not sown till 

 June. In districts dependent on rain, the seed is sown as early as April. 

 Harvest takes place in October. 



There are three methods of cultivation. By the first, bdtar, the seed is 

 sown broadcast in its natural state and is the universal method on un- 

 irrigated land. In the second, mack or lunga, the seed is first steeped in 

 water, forced under warm grass to germinate and then thrown into the soil, 

 which has been previously flooded. By the third, iir, the young 

 about a mouth old, is planted out by hand at stated intervals in a well- 

 flooded field. The growth of weeds in the rice-fields is rapid, and to check 

 them the crop, weeds and all, are ploughed up. This practice is called 

 holdna, and only the weeds suffer, as the rice springs up again more luxuriant 

 than before. 



ORYZA 



AT1VA 



Cultivation 



IrrimUoo. 



Panjab. 



An**. 



X *I.iT I. 



Method* of 

 ColUratfoo. 



833 



53 



