PASPALUM 



SCROBICULATUM 



PAPER AND PAPER MATERIALS 



Felted Fabric. 



Wood Pulp. 



Bags. 



Chief Indian 

 Materials. 



D.E.P., 



vi., pt. i., 

 111-4. 



Kodo 

 Millet. 



Area. 



supply. The chief materials are accordingly rags of linen or cotton ; 

 esparto, munj and bhabar grasses ; flax in the form of spinners' waste ; 

 hemp in the form of fragments of used rope ; wood ; straw ; jute waste 

 and old paper remade. Hanausek (Micro. Tech. Prod. (Winton and 

 Barber, transl.), 1907, 100-2) gives the following paper fibres : linen 

 rags, hemp, cotton rags, jute, straw, esparto, maize, judr, wood, etc. 



Paper (as may have been inferred from the brief account of manufacture 

 given above) is literally a felted fabric composed of vegetable cellulose 

 fibrils. When the fibrils, of which it is proposed to be made, are cemented 

 together as in wood, they must be liberated and the raw material thus 

 reduced to the condition known as " half stuff," and finally " pulp." In 

 this condition, when floated out in water, allowed to settle over a frame 

 and the water drained away, the felting of the fibrils takes place and paper 

 is formed. Obviously, therefore, the less bulky the raw material the 

 cheaper its transport to the mill. From this point of view, the advantages 

 are entirely on the side of wood ; it is compact, can be transported easily, 

 more especially if a waterway connects the forest with the mill, and 

 requires no expensive storage. But the pulp obtained from wood is of 

 a very different nature from that of cotton rags, so that the purpose for 

 which the paper is to be used comes in as a governing factor in the selection 

 of the crude material. 



The following are some of the chief materials used in the manufacture 

 of paper in India : 



Adansonia digitata. 

 Agave sp. 

 Antiaris toxicaria. 

 Bambusese. 



Broussonetia papyrifera. 

 Corchorus sp. 

 Crotalaria juncea. 

 Daphne cannabina. 



Helicteres Isora. 

 Hibiscus cannabinus. 

 Ischaemum angustifolium. 

 Musa sp. 

 Opuntia Dillenii. 

 Phoenix paludosa. 

 Saccharum arundinaceum. 

 Sansevieria zeylanica. 



Edgeworthia Gardneri. 

 Several of these will be found discussed in their respective places in 

 this work ; for the others the reader is referred to the Dictionary (vi., 

 pt. i., 107-9). The chief ones are Ischcemum and Saccharum, but with 

 the Native paper-makers of the plains of India, the san hemp (Crota- 

 laria) and the hemp-leaved Hibiscus are the most important, and on 

 the hills, Daphne and Edgeivorthia afford the so-called Nepal paper. 

 Sir W. Thiselton-Dyer (Kew Bull., 1888, 81-4) was instrumental in drawing 

 attention to the fact that in Siam the bark of the tree StreMns as per 

 is employed in the fabrication of Native paper. The tree is plentiful in 

 many parts of India. (See Alkaline Earths (pp. 55-6, 58) ; Acacia 

 Jacquemontii (p. 15) ; Agave (p.. 43) ; Aquilaria (pp. 73-4) ; Alpinia 

 (p. 60) ; Gary ota (p. 286).) 



PASPALUM SCROBICULATUM, Linn. ; Fl Br. Ind., vii., 

 10-11 ; Duthie and Fuller, Field and Gard. Crops, 1883, ii., 8, t. xxvii. ; 

 Duthie, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind., 1888, 1 ; Lisboa, Bomb. Grass., 1896, 3, 

 and t. ; GRAMINE.E. The kodo, kodon, kodam, Jcodra, Jcodod dhan, janhe, 

 harik, pakodi, menya, kiraruga, etc. An erect annual grass, native of 

 India, extensively cultivated during the rainy season. 



Area. Returns under this crop are available only for Bombay, where in 

 1905-6 there were 204,022 acres, chiefly in Gujarat, Katnagiri, the Uplands of the 



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