TIM- INDIAN OAKfl 



QUERCU8 



SEMECARPI FOLIA 



i .pit* is r,us,.,| f r ..iM need and is not grafted. Rabar (Memoire* (Leyden * 

 no, tnuiHl.). 2H1) Mi.-ntiuiiH the apples of Kabul. In tlio Shan State* 



< Kin-inn) tin- n|>|.l.< in grafted on to <*< <*MI<<-. [<?/. Ife-i. 



S\Mitlu.vs. MI .l;/r. Ledo., I.e. 3-5, 45, 38-41 ; /', 



Gard., Dec. I, 1898, to Feb. Ifl, 1899; Woodrow, I.e. 30i, 



Q 



QUERCUS, I. inn. ; H. Br. Ind., v., 600-19; Gamble, Man. Ind. 

 Timbt., 1902, 671; Prain, Beng. Plants, 1903, ii., 986-7; Brandis, Ind. 

 Trees, 624-33 ; CUPULIFER^. A large genus of important forest trees 

 attaining their greatest Indian development in the Eastern Himalaya, 

 tin- Khusia hills and Manipur. Thirty-one species occur in India and 

 Burm:v. 



Q. dllatata, Lindl. The Green Oak of the Himalaya, moru, tilangta, kilonj. 

 ramthing, kdli ring, chora, parungd, bdn, karth zaih, etc. A large, nearly de- 

 vuluous tree of the inner Himalaya, extending westward to Afghanistan and the 

 Safedkoh, eastward to Nepal, usually at 7,000 to 9,000 feet. 



According to Brand is, the wood is durable, and used for building, agricultural 

 implements, axe-handles and jampan poles. Gamble states that in the Tons 

 Valley Sleeper Works it is the best wood for making the runners of the sledges 

 used in the extraction of the deodar timber. In the Simla district it is exten- 

 sively used in the manufacture of charcoal. The leaves and shoots are also 

 regularly lopped for fodder, and the bark has been tried for tanning. [Cf. 

 Hooper, in Agri. Ledg., 1902, No. 1, 55.] 



Q. Incana, (toxb. The Grey Oak, fan/, ila, aupdri, rin, vari, mdru. karthu. 

 shindar, aerei, doghunbdn, etc. A large evergreen tree of the Himalaya from the 

 Indus to Nepal at 2,000 to 8,000 feet ; also the Shan hills, Burma. 



According to Gamble, this is perhaps the best known of Indian oaks, and is 

 one of the most common trees near the hill stations of Simla, Mussourie, Nttini 

 Tul. etc. The wood is little used for timber as it warps and splits badly, and is 

 rarely straight, but it is occasionally employed in building and for agricultural 

 implements. Its chief use is as fuel, both as firewood and charcoal. The bark 

 yields a reddish-fawn colouring matter and is employed for tanning purpose*. 

 In 1894 Prof. Trimble examined the barks of various Indian oaks and found 

 this one contained by far the largest quantity of tannin, viz., in the dry bark, 

 23-36 per cent. [Cf. Agri. Ledg., I.e. 55.] 



Q. lamellosa, Smith. The ahalahi, pharat-ainghali, budgrat, buk. A very large 

 evergreen tree of the Eastern Himalaya from Nepal to the Daphla hills at 

 5,000 to 9,000 feet ; Manipur at 7,000 to 8,000 feet. Is said to be the finest and 

 most important tree of the Darjeeling forests, reaching occasionally 100 to 120 

 feet in height. The timber is durable, if not much exposed to wet, and is used 

 for posts and beams in the construction of houses and bridges, for doorposts, 

 window-frames and rafters. It is also an excellent fuel. In Darjeeling the bark 

 is used for tanning. [Cf. Agri. Ledg., I.e. 55.] 



Q. lusitanlca, Lam. ; Q. infectoria, Oliver. The Gall or Dyer's Oak, na- 

 juphul, mazu, mdyd, machakai, pyintagar-rethi, etc. A middle-sized tree or shrub, 

 native of Greece, Asia Minor and Syria, extending to Persia, whence the galls 

 are imported into India. These are excrescences caused by an insect puncturing 

 the twigs and depositing its ova. They are extensively used both as a dye 

 and medicine. In dyeing they are boiled in water till about three-fourths of the 

 water is evaporated, and the cloth is then dipped in the decoction. Medicinally 

 they are used either in the form of a powder or as an ointment. [Cf. Pharmacog. 

 Ind., 1893, iii., 360-4 ; Hadi, Monog. Dyes and Dyeing, U. Prov., 1896, 83.] 



Q. semecarpifolia, Smith. Common Brown Oak of the Himalaya, ghesi. karthu. 

 khareu, barchar, jangal ka parungi. kreu, aauj, etc. A large evergreen tree of the 

 inner Himalaya extending westward to the Safedkoh and Afghanistan, eastward 

 to Bhutan and the hills of Manipur, usually at 8,000 to 12,000 feet. 



According to Gamble, the timber of this species is not in great demand, but 

 is of good quality, strong and durable. It is an excellent firewood and yields 

 charcoal of the best description. The leaves and young shoots are plucked for 



911 



DJLP. 



ll'A 1 



Oak*. 



OreenOak. 

 Wood 



Charcoal. 

 Grey Oak. 



Wood. 



Charcoal. 

 Tanolng. 



Wood. 

 Oak Galls. 



Dreand 

 Medicine. 



Brown 

 Oak. 



Wood. 

 Charcoal. 



