[AHUM 



HKAVY L088K8 orwci 



Menufa/rture 



arc Mecohod .in' ! -It ic, i by exposure to the sun untiMlMj form faithr white Bfc*^*. 

 :ui.l clean sugars. A'./:,/ A-toiui in alone the cquival- 

 siiL'ar-caiMv. When this is to be prepared, tin- boiled a 

 is thrown into an earthen vessel in which have been SUSpr) 

 The sugar on cooln a>. s ,,i, these and on the Hides of the vwtel 



in the form of lun. s. Certain locality's are ianx-d fur their kuta 



khaml, such us inanv part* of Hitjputana, Bikanir for examp 



(.'rude thon-h tin- nifthoilN may I..- \\ln.-li are nuniued in the product jot. 

 tii.- various Indian sugar | ' ln-y rnrj' pnimihlj- KJVP Mm iiiflfloetioo i i 



..i-i- in. 1 1 < i inceptions upon \\hii-h the ^killed art of HU^UT manufacture and refine- 

 incut rest*. In India, tlie canes of n < .'htx>nr)i<xid are carried 



locality where a crushing-mill. iiHiiully of two vertical mm mllcm dr 

 liy l.nlh.i -ka, is owneti in common >>y a group of cultivators. The cams w crashed 

 and tiie juice boiled down th.-i.- an ; rdb, the mega** being ueed a part 



.i t ':: HI. -I. The rub in then carried to the village or homestead where iu ft;, 

 treat incut its pursued, or it is sold to the dealers and in that f.>nu retailed, 

 conveyed to tin- refinery, when- it in worked up into sugar, 



Agricultural Journal of India (ii., pt. i., which 1 have just received) 

 us three papers on sugar. Morelund deals very fully with the present 

 position of the indigenous methods of sugar manufacture and th<- dith.-ultiea with 

 vliicli the manufacturer has to contend (I.e. 15-21). I.t-hnumn Drives many 

 practical suggestions for the improvement of the methods a > .onceethnt improrMat. 



prevail in Mysore. " The Indian sugar-cane," he says. " at least that grown in 

 Mysore, is of excellent quality, and labour is relatively very cheap, less than 

 one-seventh of what it is in Louisiana, where large quantities of sugar are produced 

 notwithstanding that the quality of cane is very much ours. It. 



present method of manufacture heavy losses occur. The average of a number 

 of experiments indicates that more than one-fourth of the t-.t.il < ( -mntitv <>f the 

 juice is left in the refuse, that with a larger mill one-third of this lose can be saved 

 (still larger mills would probably save two-thirds), that as much as 20 per cent, 

 of the total sugar in the juice is sometimes lost by fermentation, and that, as a 

 rule, over 13 per cent, of the total juice is lost by underliming. On the whole, 

 the losses amount to at least one pound out of every five, that is, for every four 

 pounds of sugar now obtained at least five could be got by stopping these heavy 

 leaks, and probably the quantity of cane now giving three pounds of white sugar 

 would as a rule give four pounds of such sugar when these losses i 



" This would probably be quite sufficient to transform a crippled industry 

 into a flourishing one. But there are further savings which can be introduced B*ria0k 

 by manufacturing directly from the cone a sugar of much higher grade than M 

 now being done when making jaggery. Part of this sugar, without being refined, 

 could directly replace a portion, end possibly a verv large portion, of tne sugar 

 now imported, and the rest could be sent to the refinery for conversion into the 

 very highest grade of sugar, being thus transformed with a better outturn and 

 at much less expense than an equal weight of jaggery." 



EUROPEAN INDUSTRY. The stages, methods and appliances Manufac 

 used in the European factories may be exhibited briefly as follows : U"** 



/. Extraction of Cane- Juice. The different methods pursued have Buro 

 been grouped under (a) Disintegration in crushing- mills ; (6) Maceration. ; 

 and (c) Diffusion. 



By the last process, instead of being crushed in a mill (as already 

 described), the canes are cut lougtitudinally in a slanting direction into 

 slices one-sixteenth of an inch in thickness, by special cutting-machines. 

 Very much less power is said to be required for this operation than for 

 crushing by roller mills. The slices are then conveyed to an apparatus 

 known as the diffusion battery. This consists of a series of cylinders, 

 connected with each other, in which the sliced cane is subjected to water 

 at a high temperature. This coagulates the albumen and extract 

 sugar from the cells. It has been stated that 84 to 86 per cent, of the 90 

 to 91 per cent, sugar present is thus obtained, or about 20 per cent, more 



953 



DitfuMoo. 



