CUM 



\ MMKTIKs AND RACES 



MI uh.-.il u,,ul,| ,.|-p.-,ir I,, I..- , , 



u..nhy r \idence exist** a* to it origin, except ptrhaps th..' 

 ooaneetod with .via than with i:,, 



"''I."N.- Ml, >,<. ., liarnctriH0 the writing* of European 



autl uh.-.it mltmition in lu.lia, until w.-ll into the ! 



' "" ''-"I' '' -feraicm are ( 



in the rt-.-.ir.lK . : . t,ip K \vhn-h in |ni7 .mil. 



tin- Hast. Tlu-m- were .mniiin.l.-d l,y William K 

 tin- hitler, tin ivai-lnni; Surat. havi;. 

 t.. tin- court of tli.-Cr.-iit Mughal. In ih.. li*t ,,( art 



: so many " hushd!* of St. 



in .1 footnote to the above passage (K.I Hook. W), says ttmt 



M \MIS French \\ln-at that the ship* took <>n lioanl. th won! " Kteale " being 

 j.rohably .i-Ti\.'.i from the ''steelynes and hard] h was supposed to bn the 



iar ] .roperty of the foreign-grow . and to make it therefore more 



suitable for the manufacture of biHcuitH for long vr>ya(^s. The passage 

 [UK! as suggestive of the early introd. <n Europe of some ni 



forms of hard wheat presently -mut, m \\.-^t.Tn India. IM fur <>XHH </!*. 



TRITIC I M 



VUUJARB 

 History 



Jiut if that be so, a vi-i-y dillVn-iit r-tnry is L-IV.-H l,y T.-rry ( Voy. E. fnd.. 16M (ed. 

 1777), S7), who speaks of the wheat of Surat iw "more full, and more white 



*i.l*l 



. . 



Species 

 and Races. 



. of which the inhabitants make ench jmn-. w.-ll r.-liHh.^l l,r.-.ul 

 I may say of it, as one sometimes spake of the bread made in the bil 

 Leige, it is panis pane v> I hfttcr than bread." 80 also Fryer < 



Ace. K. Ind.nnil Pers., U572-S1. I lit) montimiH the Deccan as possessing " wheat 

 as good as the world affords." Jt in, however, significant that Millmrn (Or. 

 Comm., 1813) makes not the slightest reference to Indian or Eastern \< 

 though under most commodities he gives important chapters, such as The Present 

 State of the Tea Trade, The Rise and Progress of the Trade in Sugar, etc. 



Species, Varieties, and Races of Wheat. The distinction between 

 Spring wheat (T. it-stint in) and Autumn wheat ('/'. /////*//*) can 

 have no importance, since these names do not denote structural differences, 

 and, moreover, are interchangeable climatic conditions according to the 

 country where grown, and even in the same locality, according to the 

 dates of sowings. If gradually changed, the autumn sowings being year 

 by year made a little later, and the spring a little earlier, autumn wheat 

 may become spring wheat, and vice vend. A wheat sown in the autumn 

 in the plains of India, if carried to the temperate Himalaya or to Europe, 

 would have to be treated as a spring wheat. 



In point of actual botanical priority, however, the name T. trtttirmn 

 should be given to both spring and autumn wheats ; in other words, to 

 all the wheats that by Lamarck were called T. fnitirnui, and by Villars 



'/'. rit/t/ftiv. 



According to some writers, the assemblage of the so-called true wheats has Mono- 

 been evolved from T. wioiocr<-nm (Yilmorin, l.<~. 21. t. 166), a plant in- 

 digenous to Servia, Asia Minor, the Crimea and the- t aiu-asian area of Meso- 

 potamia. As its botanical name implies, it is characterised by the presence 

 of but a single seed within the little ear, and its other structural characters place 

 it as a form of spelt rather than of wheat proper ; indeed it is often called " small 

 spelt." It has a pale green colour and a flat, short ear. It is. however, stil 

 cultivated in Spain, and more rarely in France and Germany. The grain ; 

 often used for bread, but rather for mush, and the plant is valued as a 

 fodder. The yield is said to be from 2." to 35 bushels an aero. Vilmorin \rould 

 appear not to have been successful in his attempt* at crossing this w 

 wheats. Moreover, Hackel and most modern authors regard it as quite un- 

 . niiccted with the true wheats, and entirely infertile with them. Haokei ac- 

 cordingly refers the important grain-yielding forms of TrUifti* (apart 

 t:<,n<>itM), to the following chief forms: T. tHofrm**, T. MifirwM* and 

 T. *?,, ,.. Having isolated T. .M.iorof-ci.. by itself, he th n procse 

 to speak of r. *,./..., and observes that under cultivation many raoei 

 been produced, of which those with the rachis articulated aie mos* probably 

 nearest related to the original stock, whatever that may have been. - 



1083 



coccum. 



The brittle- 



