2OO MANUAL OF MODERN FARRIERY 



at which he is worn out in a state of servitude. Few 

 of these valuable animals live to anything like what 

 they would do in a state of freedom, most of them 

 being unserviceable or destroyed by excessive labour. 

 Mr Elaine informs us of one gentleman who had three 

 horses which attained a considerable age : one at 

 thirty-five, another at thirty-seven, and the third at 

 thirty-nine. Mr Cully mentions one which received 

 a ball in his neck at the battle of Preston, in 1715, 

 and which was extracted when he died in 1758, so 

 that he must have been forty-seven or forty-eight 

 years of age. Albertus mentions that in his time 

 there was a charger, proving serviceable at the ad- 

 vanced age of sixty, and Augustus Nephus says 

 there was a horse in the stable of Ferdinand the 

 First that had attained the age of seventy years. 

 This is the oldest horse mentioned by any author 

 as far as I know ; so that in all probability " Old 

 Billy " is the Parr of horses. 



The incisor tooth of a horse, divided into two 

 parts its whole length, fig. 12, and which exhibits the 

 external cavity, a, and the internal cavity, b. 



The incisory tooth of a young horse, with an 

 opening at the middle of the anterior surface, leaving 

 exposed the lower portion of the funnel, fig. 1 1 , a. 



The incisory tooth of a young horse, divided 

 throughout, fig. 9, a, shows the exterior cavity, and 

 b, the extremity of the funnel. 



Independently of the teeth, there are other signs 

 by which an aged horse is known : first, the temporal 

 fossae or pits above the eyes become much sunk, grey 

 hairs are also seen above the eyes and about the 

 muzzle, the lips being thin and hanging, the back 

 sinks, the withers become sharp, the quarters 

 lengthened, spavin, windgalls, and all kinds of 



