MAMMARY GLAND OR UDDER 495 



the cow can " keep up her milk " for a time, and 

 only give it freely to those she likes when being 

 milked. 



A healthy udder is recognised by the two halves 

 being equal in size, and the four teats being equal in 

 size and length. If, as is sometimes the case, one teat 

 is markedly smaller than the other three, it indicates 

 disease, and on examination with the hand, the 

 teat may be found blind and the quarter diseased 

 and secreting no milk. 



When the cow comes to the calving the udder 

 is generally swollen, tender to pressure, and more 

 or less hot. This is a natural state, and constitutes 

 what is generally termed 



PHYSIOLOGICAL CONGESTION OR ENGORGEMENT OF 

 THE MAMMAE. 



If the animal is come of a race of good or deep 

 milkers, and possesses this qualification, then this 

 physiological congestion is well marked, but on the 

 other hand, if the animal neither inherits nor 

 possesses the power of secreting a large quantity 

 of milk, the congestion or "swam" is small. 



The physiological engorgement referred to may 

 lead to undue dilatation of the blood-vessels, and by 

 pressure the arrest of the secretion of milk, or by 

 "hefting" to engorgement of the milk tubes, and 

 in this way to pathological (diseased) congestion 

 and inflammation termed 



MAMMITIS, OR MASTITIS. 



Inflammation of this gland is much too common, 

 especially in dairy cows, and probably in many 

 cases it is due to a want of attention. It may 

 appear before parturition, immediately after, or at 



