The leaves are arranged in two principal ways! 

 they are either Apposite o'r alternate. Leaves are oppo- 

 site when the two leaves in such cases being always 

 opposite each other, that is, on exactly opposite 

 sides of the stem, and there are two borne on the 

 same joint of stem. Leaves are alternate when there 

 is only one from each joint, not counting the seed- 

 leaves, which of course are opposite, there being a 

 pair of them. Consequently the axillary buds are 

 also alternate, as in hickory; and the branches they 

 form alternate making a different kind of spray 

 from the other mode one branch shooting on the 

 side of the stem and the next on some other. For 

 in the alternate arrangement no leaf is on the same 

 side of the stem as the one next above or next 

 below it. 



THE PARTS OF THE LEAF. The principal part of a 



leaf is the blade, or expanded portion, one face of 



which naturally looks toward the sky, the other 



toward the earth. The blade is often raised on a 



..stalk of its own, and on each side of the stalk at its 



base there is sometimes an appendage called a stipule. 



A complete leaf, therefore, consists of a blade, a 



foot-stalk or leaf-stalk, called the petiole, and a pair of 



stipules. 



NATURE AND USE OF THE FLOWER The object of the 

 flower is the production of seed. The flower consists 

 of all those parts, or organs which are subservient 

 to this end. Some of these parts are necessary to the 

 production of seed. Others serve merely to protect 

 or support the more essential parts. 



THE ESSENTIAL ORGANS OF THE FLOWER. These 

 are placed one above or within the other; namely, 

 first, the Stamens or fertilizing organs, and second, 

 the Pistils, which are to be fertilized and bear the 

 seed. 



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