HISTORY OF THE CONSTANT-VOLTAGE SYSTEM 43 



In the Proceedings of the A. I. E. E. for February, 

 1914, a report on transmission lines by P. M. Downing 

 stated that synchronous condensers, operated as above, 

 were giving complete satisfaction. 



In December, 1912, an article by Lee Hagood in The 

 General Electric Review, on "The Operation of Synchro- 

 nous Machines in Parallel," stated very clearly the 

 operating advantages to be obtained from using syn- 

 chronous motors with automatic voltage regulators, and 

 gave remarkably complete and convincing data from the 

 Utica Gas and Electric Company, of New York State. 

 The characteristics of the transmission system were: 

 Length, 40 miles, 22,000 volts, 60 cycles, 13,000 Kw. of 

 generators, and 3,200 Kva. of synchronous phase modi- 

 fiers. The cost of the lines of this small system was not 

 discussed, but many graphic voltmeter records were 

 given to show that the improvement in operating 

 conditions justified the expense of the synchronous 

 machines. 



In "Transmission Line Formulas," published by the 

 author in February, 1913, a solution was given on page 

 40 for a constant-voltage line, allowance being made 

 for electrostatic capacity. 



In the Proceedings of the A. I. E. E. for March, 1913, 

 a paper by L. B. Andrus described the benefits obtained 

 from synchronous motors with automatic voltage regu- 

 lators in the system of the Indiana and Michigan Electric 

 Company. The voltage of this system is 25,000, and the 

 frequency, 60 cycles. Synchronous phase modifiers, 

 controlled by automatic voltage regulators, are used to 

 hold the voltage at the receiver stations constant. The 

 distance of transmission is about fifty miles. Savings in 



