PHYSICAL CONTEMPLATION OF THE UNIVERSE. 515 



by the way of the Euxine,* established relations of inter- 

 national contact which laid the foundation of an inland 

 trade between the north of Europe and Asia, and subsequently 

 with the Oxus and Indus ; so the Samiansf and Phocaeans;]; 

 were the first among the Greeks who endeavoured to pene- 

 trate from the basin of the Mediterranean towards the west. 



Colceus of Samos sailed for Egypt, where, at that time, an 

 intercourse had begun, under Psammitichus, with the Greeks, 

 which probably was only the renewal of a former connec- 

 tion. He was driven by easterly storms to the island of 

 Platea, and from thence Herodotus significantly adds "not 

 without divine direction," through the straits into the ocean. 

 The accidental and unexpected commercial gain in Iberian 

 Tartessus conduced less than the discovery of an entrance 

 into an unknown world, (whose existence was scarcely conjec- 

 tured, as a mythical creation of fancy,) towards giving to this 

 event importance and celebrity wherever the Greek language 

 was understood on the shores of the Mediterranean. Beyond 

 the Pillars of Hercules (earlier known as the Pillars of 

 Briareus, of -ZEga9on, and of Cronos), at the western margin 

 of the earth, on the road to Elysium and the Hesperides, 

 the primaeval waters of the circling Oceanus were first seen, 

 in which the source of all rivers was then sought. 



Letronne's investigation (Essai sur les idees cosmographiques qui se rat- 

 tachent aunom d ! Atlas, p. 9), in Olymp. 35, 1, or in the year 640. The 

 epoch depends, however, on the foundation of Gyrene, which is placed by 

 Otfr. Miiller between Olymp. 35 and 37 (Minyer, s. 344, Prolegomena, 

 s. 63) : for in the time of Colseus (Herod., iv. 152), the way from Thera to 

 Lybia was not as yet known. Zumpt places the foundation of Carthage 

 in 878, and that of Gades in 1100 B.C. 



* According to the manner of the ancients (Strabo, lib. ii. p. 126), 

 I reckon the whole Euxine, together with the Moeotis (as required by 

 physical and geological views), to be included in the common basin of 

 the great " Inner Sea." 



+ Herod., iv. 152. 



Herod., i. 163, where even the discovery of Tartessus is ascribed to 

 the Phocaeans; but the commercial enterprise of the Phocaeans was 

 seventy years after the time of Colaeus of Samos, according to Ukert 

 (Geogr. der Griechen und Romer, th. 1. i. s. 40). 



According to a fragment of Phavorinus, uKtavoQ, (and therefore 

 wyrjv also) are not Greek words, but merely borrowed from the barba- 

 rians (Spohn de Nicephor. Blemm. duobus opusculis, 1818, p. 23). My 

 brother was of opinion that they were connected with the Sanscrit roots 

 2L2 



