52 COSMOS. 



nature, Parmenides and Empedocles, and from thence into 

 the works of prose writers. We will not here enter into a 

 discussion of the manner in which, according to the Pytha- 

 gorean views, Philolaiis distinguishes between Olympus, 



ovpavcv Kai yr/g Kai TWV iv TOVTOIQ TTtpi^o^kv^v tyvtrtw. Aeyerai fit 

 Kai CTrspwc KoaXog rj rSiv oXwv raic rf. Kal diafcooyt J7(nc, virb OF.&V Tf. Kai 

 dia Qt&v (^vXarropivr]. Most of the passages occurring in Greek writers 

 on the word Cosmos, may be found collected together in the controversy 

 between Richard Bentley and Charles Boyle (Opuscula Philologica, 1781, 

 pp. 347, 445; Dissertation upon the Epistles of Phalaris, 1817, p. 254); 

 on the historical existence of Zaleucus, legislator of Leucris, in Nakt's 

 excellent work, Sched. crit., 1812, pp. 9, 15 ; and finally, in Theophilus 

 Schmidt, Ad Cleom. cycL theor., met. I, 1 p. ix., 1 and 99. Taken in a 

 more limited sense, the word Cosmos is also used in the plural (Plut., 1, 5,) 

 either to designate the stars (Stob., 1, p. 514; Plut., 11, 13,) or the 

 innumerable systems scattered like islands through the immensi.y of 

 space, and each composed of a sun and a moon. (Anax. Claz., Fr&Jtm. 

 pp. 89, 93, 120 ; Brandis, Gesch. der Griechisch-Romischen Philosophic, 

 b. i., s. 252 (History of the Greco-Roman Philosophy). Each of 

 these groups forming thus a Cosmos, the universe, TO TTO.V, the word 

 must be understood in a wider sense (Plut. ii, 1.) It was not until 

 long after the time of the Ptolemies that the word was applied to the 

 earth. Bockh has made known inscriptions in praise of Trajan and 

 Adrian (Corpus Inscr. Grace., 1, n. 334 and 1306) in which Koafiog 

 occurs for OIKOV^VTI, in the same manner as we still use the term world 

 to signify the earth alone. We have already mentioned the singular 

 division of the regions of space into three parts, the Olympus, Cosmos, 

 and Ouranos, (Stob. 1, p. 488 ; Philolaus, pp.94, 202); this division 

 applies to the different regions surrounding that mysterious focus of the 

 universe, the 'Eor/a rov iravroQ of the Pythagoreans. In the fragmentary 

 passage in which this division is found, the term Ouranos designates fhe 

 innermost region, situated between the moon and earth ; this is the domain 

 of changing things. The middle region where the planets circulate in an 

 invariable and harmonious order, is, in accordance with the special con- 

 ceptions entertained of the universe, exclusively termed Cosmos, whilst the 

 word Olympus is used to express the exterior or igneous region. Bopp, 

 the profound philologist, has remarked, " that we may deduce, as Pott 

 has done, Etymol. Forschungen, th. i., s. 39 and 252 (Etymol. Researches) 

 the word Kocr^oe from the Sanscrit root 'sud', jmrificari, by assuming two 

 conditions ; first, that the Greek K in /coajuog comes from the palatial f, 

 which Bopp represents by 's and Pott by f, (in the same manner as deica, 

 decem, taihun in Gothic, comes from the Indian word dasan),and next, that 

 the Indian d' corresponds as a general rule with the Greek 9 ( Veryleichende 

 Grammatik, 99, Comparative Grammar), which shows the relation of 

 ic6<TjUO (for KoBp.og} with the Sanscrit root 'sud', whence is also derived 

 K0tt/zo. Another Indian term for the world is gagat (pronounced 

 dschagat), which is, properly speaking, the present participle of the verb 



