176 GENERAL DESIGN 



Shops and factories are preferably located where transportation 

 facilities are good, land is cheap and labor plentiful. Too much care 

 cannot be used in the design of shops and factories for the reason that 

 defects in design that cause inconvenience in handling materials and 

 workmen, increased cost of operation and maintenance are permanent 

 and cannot be removed. 



The best modern practice inclines toward single floor shops with 

 as few dividing walls and partitions as possible. The advantages of 

 this type over multiple story buildings are (i) the light is better, (2) 

 ventilation is better, (3) buildings are more easily heated, (4) founda- 

 tions for machinery are cheaper, (5) machinery being set directly on 

 the ground causes no vibrations in the building, (6) floors are cheaper, 



(7) workmen are more directly under the eye of the superintendent, 



(8) materials are more easily and cheaply handled, (9) buildings admit 

 of indefinite extension in any direction, (10) the cost of construction 

 is less, and (n) there is less danger from damage due to fire. 



The walls of shops and factories are made (i) of brick, stone, or 

 concrete; (2) of brick, hollow tile or concrete curtain walls between 

 steel columns ; (3) of expanded metal and plaster curtain walls and 

 glass; (4) of concrete slabs fastened to the steel frame; and (5) of 

 corrugated iron fastened to the steel frame. 



The roof is commonly supported by steel trusses and framework, 

 and the roofing may be slate, tile, tar and gravel or other composition, 

 tin or sheet steel, laid on board sheathing or on concrete slabs, tile or 

 slate supported directly on the purlins, or corrugated steel supported on 

 board sheathing or directly on the purlins. Where the slope of the roof 

 is flat a first grade tar and gravel roof, or some one of the patent com- 

 position roofs is used in preference to tin, and on a steep slope slate is 

 commonly used in preference to tin or tile. Corrugated steel roofing 

 is much used on boiler houses, smelters, forge shops, coal tipples, and 

 similar structures. 



Floors in boiler houses, forge shops and in similar structures are 

 generally made of cinders ; in round houses brick floors on a gravel or 



