190 ANNEALING OR NEAL1NG 



equivalent of the iodide of ethyl remains behind or not in a state of chemical com- 

 bination, does not appear to be fully established. Were the latter supposition the 

 case, the 0*11*1 of those formulae would bo replaced by 2HO, and the chemical 

 name would necessarily be changed to correspond. The same question might be 

 raised regarding some of the Hofmann violets with their equivalent of HC1 or 110, 0* 

 H'O 2 , but as one of these acids is used in the solution when purifying the colour, the 

 probabilities are that the base unites with it, and the colour goes to market as a salt 

 and not as an isolated base. The terms, direct blues and purified blues, are simply 

 commercial terms indicating the amount of purification which the dyes have received, 

 the first-named being the most impure. Among the greens the terms aniline-green 

 and emeraldine are synonymous terms applied to a colour formed in the fibre of the 

 goods. Viridine is a name applied to a true green, but the term has also been used for 

 a mixture of indigo and picric acid, which cannot properly be called an aniline colour. 

 AXrxnXAXi BliACK. Jxefuse animal matters are placed in a retort, and sub- 

 mitted to destructive distillation. The gases, evolved on decomposition, are usually 

 burnt, while water, oily matter, and ammoniacal compounds distil over, and are 

 condensed. There remains in the retort a carbonaceous mass, which, when levigated 

 and ground in a mill, forms ' animal black.' It is in a more finely-divided state than 

 bone-black, and is used in the preparation of blacking and of printing-ink. 

 ANIIWAI, CHARCOAL See BONE-BLACK. 



AXTXnXE. A resin of a pale brown yellow colour, transparent and brittle. It 

 exudes from a large American tree, called by Piso, jetaiba ; and by the Indians cour- 

 baril. It appears to be a species of Hymen&a. It occurs in pieces of various sizes, 

 and it often contains so many insects belonging to living species, as to have merited 

 its name, as being animated. It contains about a fifth of 1 per cent, of a volatile oil, 

 which gives it an agreeable odour. Alcohol does not dissolve the genuine anime, as 

 I have ascertained by careful experiments, nor does caoutchoucine ; but a mixture 

 of the two, in equal parts, softens it into a tremulous jelly, though it will not produce 

 a liquid solution. When reduced to this state, the insects can be easily picked out, 

 without injury to their most delicate parts. On the contrary, Dr. R. D. Thomson says, 

 anim6 resin is distinguished from copal by its ready solubility in alcohol ; and that 

 when digested in cold alcohol a portion remains undissolved, which may be dissolved 

 in hot alcohol, from which it crystallises on cooling. Sir E. Kane gives C IO H 3S 

 (C 10 H fl 'O), as the composition of this gum-resin. See 'Watts's Dictionary of Chemistry.' 

 The specific gravity of the different specimens of anime varies from T054: to T057. 

 When exposed to heat, in a glass retort over a spirit-flame, it softens, and, by careful 

 management, it may be brought into liquid fusion without discolouration. It then ex- 

 hales a white vapour of an ambrosial odour, which being condensed in water, and the 

 liquid being tested, is found to be succinic acid. 



It is extensively used by the varnish-makers, who fuse it at a pretty high heat, and 

 in this state combine it with their oils or other varnishes. It is also employed, on 

 account of its agreeable smell when burning, in the mnnufacture of pastilles. 



Gum-anime is sometimes mistaken for amber, but the fossil resin can generally be 

 distinguished by its greater hardness. The gum-anim6 of Zanzibar is a semi-fossil 

 resin, believed to be the produce of a species of Trachylobium. 



ANISEED. (Anis, Fr. ; Anis, Ger.) The fruit or seed of the Pimpinella anisum, 

 largely cultivated in Malta, Spain, and Germany ; used in the preparation of the oil 

 of anise (oleum anisi), the spirit of anise (spiritus anisi), and anise-water (aqua anisi). 

 It is -also used in cordials. In 1855, 963 cwts. were imported. The oleum badiani, or 

 the oil of star anise (Ulicium anisatum), has the colour and taste of the oil of anise ; 

 but it preserves its fluidity at 35'6 F. It is sometimes fraudulently substituted for 

 oleum anisi. Pereira. 



ANKER. A liquid measure of Amsterdam, which contains 32 gallons English. 

 During the war, when communication with Holland was constant, and sailors and 

 soldiers were constantly passing from one country to the other, the anker was as com- 

 monly used as a measure in our seaports as in those of Holland. The anker of brandy 

 was frequently smuggled into this country. 



ANNEALING- or NTEAI.ING. (Le recuit, Fr.; das Anlassen, Ger.) A process 

 by which glass is rendered less frangible ; and metals which have become brittle, 

 either in consequence of fusion or long-continued hammering, are again rendered 

 malleable. When a glass vessel is allowed to cool immediately after being made, it 

 will, if a small splinter of flint, or an angular fragment of quartz, is dropped gently into 

 it, fly to pieces with great violence, sometimes immediately, sometimes after a few 

 minutes. This extreme fragility is prevented by annealing, or placing the vessels 

 in a hot oven, where they take several hours, or even some days, to cool. 

 ' Similar phenomena are exhibited in a higher degree by glass-tears, or Princo 

 Rupert's drops, produced by letting drops of melted glass fall into cold water. Their 



