ANTIMONY 195 



AirrHRAPTTXtPtraxir. A colouring-matter recently obtained by Mr. W. H. 

 Perkin from commercial artificial alizarine. The crude alizarine is dissolved in 

 dilute solution of carbonate of soda, and the product well agitated with freshly- 

 precipitated alumina, which combines with the alizarine, leaving the anthrapurpurin 

 in solution. This solution, having been filtered and heated to the boiling point, is 

 acidified with hydrochloric acid, whereby the colouring-matter is precipitated ; this 

 may be purified by repeated boiling in alcohol. 



As a dyeing agent anthrapurpurin greatly resembles alizarine, giving red colours 

 with alumina, and purple and black with iron mordants. The shades of colour, however, 

 are different with the two materials ; the anthrapurpurin reds being much purer 

 and less blue, whilst the purples are bluer and the blacks more intense than those 

 with alizarine. (See ' Journ. Chem. Soc.' May, 1873.) 



AXrTX-ATTRXTXOZr, or, ANTI-FRICTION COMPOSITION. Various 

 preparations have been, from time to time, introduced for the purpose of removing, as 

 much as possible, the friction of machinery. Black lead, or plumbago, mixed with a 

 tenacious grease, lias been much employed. Peroxide of iron, finely divided haematite, 

 &c., have also been used. 



ANTICHXORE. A term employed by bleachers to the means of obviating the 

 pernicious after-effects of chlorine upon the pulp of paper, or stuffs, which have been 

 bleached therewith. Manufacturers have been in the habit of- using sulphite of soda, 

 whoso action upon the adhering bleaching salt, which cannot be removed by washing, 

 gives rise to the formation of sulphate and hydrosulphate of soda and chloride of 

 sodium. Chloride of tin has been recommended by some chemists for this purpose. 



Hyposulphite of soda is now extensively used as an antichlore, as also are certain 

 salts of lime, as sulphide of calcium. 



ANTI-FRICTJOW METAXi. Tin and pewter are often employed as anti- 

 friction metals for the bearings of locomotive engines. One-half of each tin and copper 

 is now used at some of the large railway works. 



Babbet's metal is prepared by taking about fifty parts of tin, five of antimony, and 

 one of copper. 



Tin. or pewter, used alone, owing to its softness, spreads out and escapes under the 

 superincumbent weight of the locomotive, or other heavy machinery. It is usual, 

 therefore, to add antimony, for the purpose of giving these metals hardness. 



Fenton's anti-friction metal, which is much employed, is a mixture of tin, copper, 

 and spelter. Its advantages are stated to be cheapness in first cost, low specific 

 gravity, being 20 per cent, lighter than gun-metal ; and being of a moro unctuous or 

 soapy character than gun-metal, less grease or oil is required. 



The softer metal is often supported by brasses cast of the required form, the tin 

 alloy being cast upon them. The brasses, or bearings, being properly tinned, and 

 an exact model of the axle having been turned, the parts are heated, put together in 

 their relative positions, luted with plastic clay, and the fluid anti-friction metal poured 

 in, which then becomes of the required form, and effectually solders the brass. 



The following compositions are recommended to railway engineers as having been 

 employed for several years in Belgium. In those cases where the objects are much 

 exposed to friction, 20 parts of copper, 4 of tin, 0'5 of antimony, and 0'25 of lead. 

 For objects which are intended to resist violent shocks, 20 parts of copper, 6 of zinc, 

 and 1 of tin. For those which are exposed to heat, 17 parts of copper, 1 of zinc, 0'5 

 of tin, and 0-25 of lead. The copper is added to the fused mass containing the other 

 metals. See ALLOY and KINGSTON'S METAL ; ANTIMONY. 



AWTX-GtTGGXiER. A small syphon of metal, which is inserted into the mouths 

 of casks, or large bottles called carboys, to admit air over the liquor contained in 

 them, and thus to facilitate their being emptied without agitation or a guggling 

 noise. 



ANTIMONY. (Antimoine, Fr. ; Antimon, Spiesaglanz or Spiessglas, Ger.) 

 Symbol Sb. (Stibium, Lat.); Atomic Weight, 122; Specific Gravity, 6715. The sul- 

 phide or sulphuret is the only ore of this metal found in sufficient abundance to 

 be largely smelted, and therefore forms the chief and most common source of tho 

 antimony of commerce, and of the greater number of the pharmaceutical preparations 

 of that metal. 



Antimony Glance, Antimonite, Stibnite, or Grey Antimony Ore, sometimes occurs 

 compact, but usually in very long prismatic or acicular crystals, or in a fibrous form. 

 It is of a lead or steel-grey colour, sometimes with an iridescent lustre, soctile and 

 flexible when in thin laminae. It may be distinguished from a similar ore of man- 

 ganese by its perfect diagonal cleavage and easy fusibility. Grey antimony is com- 

 posed of antimony 72, sulphur 28, corresponding to the formula SbS* (Sto'S 3 ). It fuses 

 readily in the flame of a candle, to which it imparts a greenish tint. On charcoal, in 

 the flarao of a blowpipe, it gives out a strong smell of sulphur, with white fumes, and 



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