370 



BLEACHING 



them. For this pnrposo, the crano turns on pivots at top and bottom; and the 

 goods are raised or lowered at pleasure, with double pulleys and sheaves, by means 

 of a cylinder moved by cast-iron wheels. The lid is secured by the screw bolts D D, 

 and rings n u. F is a safety-valve. 



To avoid the excessive heating needful to drive the liquid through the goods, Mr. 

 John Laurie invented the kier shown at fig. 110. 



In this figure, A n c D is the wooden k'icvo, or kier, containing the cloth ; c E F D 

 represent the cast-iron boiler ; o o, the pump ; g, K, the pipe of communication 

 between the kior and the boiler. This pipe has a valve on each of its extremities : 

 that on the upper extremity, when shut, prevents the lye from running into the 

 boiler, and is regulated by the attendant by means of the rod and handle ff B. The 

 valve at K admits the lye : but, opening inwards, it prevents the steam from escaping 

 through the pipe ff K. The boiler has a steam-tight iron cover, ff L ; and at o D in 

 the kier is a wooden grating, a small distance above the cover of the boiler. 



At M o is a broad plate of metal, in order to spread the lye over the cloth. It 

 is hardly necessary to say that the boiler has a furnace, as usual, for similar 

 purposes. 



While the lye is at a low temperature, the pump is worked by the mill or steam- 

 engine. When it is sufficiently heated, 

 C 



110 



the elasticity of the steam forces it 

 up through the valves of the pump, in 

 which case it is disjoined from the 

 moving power. 



N P is a copper spout, which is re- 

 moved at the time of taking the cloth 

 out of the kier. 



In order still further to avoid labour, 

 the pumping has been entirely done 

 away with. 



A simple modification of the bowking 

 apparatus is shown infigs. Ill, 112, 113; 

 the first being a vertical section, the 

 second a horizontal section in the line x 



"JkiP 



of the first. It consists of two parts : the upper wide part, a a, serves for the reception 

 of the goods, and the lower or pot, b, for holding the lye ; c c is an iron grating, shown 

 apart in fig. 113. The grating has numerous square apertures in the middle of the 

 disc, to which the rising pipe d is screwed fast. The upper cylinder is formed of 



