BLEACHING 



371 



cast-iron, or of sheet-iron well riveted at the edges ; or sometimes of wood, this 

 being secured at its under edge into a groove in the top edge of tho lye-pot. The 

 mouth of the cylinder is constructed usually of shoot-iron, e e is the fire-grate, 

 whose upper surface is shown in fig. 1 1 1 : it is made of cast-iron in throe pieces. The 

 flame is parted at/, and passes through tho two apertures g g, into the flues h k, so 

 as to play round the pot, as is visible in fig. 112, and escapes by two outlets into the 

 chimney. The apertures i i serve for occasionally cleaning out tho flues h h, and are, 

 at other times, shut with an iron plate. In the partition f, which separates tho two 

 openings g g, and the flues li h, running round the pot, there is a circular space at the 

 point marked with k,fig. 112, in which the large pipe for discharging the waste lye is 

 lodged. The upper large cylinder should be encased in wood, with an intermediate 

 space filled with sawdust, to confine the heat. The action of this apparatus is exactly 

 the same as that already explained. 



Besides the boiling, bucking, and other apparatus above described, the machinery 

 and utensils used in bleaching are various, according to the business done by the 

 bleacher. 



The kier of Messrs. Mather and Platt is very complete. The first figure (114) 

 is the kier when shut or screwed down. The second (115, p. 372) is the section 



of the kier, which is very like that before given ; but in this- case it is steam-tight, 

 and heated by steam which issues from a steam-pipe communicating beneath tho 

 false bottom. The dangers attending the kier before mentioned are by this means 

 entirely averted, and all the inventions which give the washing liquid a separate and 

 distinct place for heating are at once done away with. 



An exact description of these kiers is required, a, b, c, d, represent the body of the 

 kier, which is a cylindrical vessel, generally made of cast-iron, but sometimes of wood, 

 or wrought iron, h represents the false bottom ; a cast-iron grating, sometimes covered 

 with boulder stones, and sometimes with wood ; g, a cylindrical disc, of wrought-iron, 

 planed on tho top of ' puffor-pipe ' g, to spread the liquor over the cloth, q, ' puffer- 

 pipe,' standing on falso bottom, h. s, cylindrical casting for supporting false bottom 



