BOOKBINDING 



425 



and tooled where the last material slightly overlaps the leather back and corners, so 

 as to hide the join. ' Raised bands ' aro formed of strips of pasteboard or parch- 

 ment placed at regular intervals across the back of the book, leaving a space termed 

 ' panels ' between them, and the pliable leather is stretched and worked over and 

 round the edges of the bands, so as to give to the whole back a neat and uniform 

 appearance. 



The 'forwarder' then passes the book on to the ' finisher,' whose duty it is to add 

 the required lettering and ornament. 



The tools used by him, whether single letters or figures, or ' pallets' (that is, tho 

 title of a book, &c., cut in a single metal block) are mounted on wooden handles, and 

 applied before use to a gas burner, in order to obtain the requisite heat. 



If the impression of the tool is intended to be gilt, the finisher lays on gold leaf in 

 a manner similar to that described in case-blocking, and the tool moderately heated 

 is applied, not by an arming press, but by the finisher, on whoso steadiness of hand 

 and accuracy of eye the proper and even application of the various tools succes- 

 sively used in lettering or ornament is dependent. Additional pressure is given when 

 needful for the larger tools, by the finisher's leaning his shoulder or chin against tho 

 end of the handle to assist the action of his hand. The superfluous gold-leaf is then 

 cleaned off as in case blocking, by a greasy rag or a piece of India-rubber, after 

 which the book is carefully examined, roughnesses smoothed down, and defective 

 workmanship corrected, and a coating of polish or glaize given where required. Lastly, 

 the end papers are pasted down, and after a final examination as to accuracy of 

 lettering and other details, the book, after having a final squeeze to make it lie square 

 and solid, is turned out complete. 



The implement generally used by tho extra binder for cutting the edges of single 

 books is the plough (fys. 163 to 168). 



The plough (fig. 163) is made to receive two knives or cutters, and which are 

 situated in the plough in the following manner : The plough is composed of three 

 principal parts namely, the top, and it two sides. The top, o, is made the breadth 

 of the cross piece a, and with a handle made fast thereon. The sides, pp, aro bolted 

 thereto with bolts and nuts through corresponding holes in the top and sides. The 

 figures give inside views and cross sections of the details of the manner in which the 

 cutters and adjustments are mounted. A groove is cut down each cheek or side, in 

 which are placed screws that are held at top and bottom from moving up and down, 

 but, by turning, they cause the nuts upon them to do so ; they are shown at q q. 

 These nuts have each a pin, projecting inwards, that goes into plain holes made in the 

 top ends of cutters r r. 



The cutters and the work for causing them to go up and down are sunk into the 

 cheeks, so as to be quite level with their inner surfaces. Fig. 164 shows one of these 

 screws apart, how fixed, and with movcable nut and projecting pin. The top of each 

 screw terminates with a round split down, and above it a pinion-wheel and boss 



