54C BROWN DYE 



more than 400,000 bushels ; 3 pits from 200,000 to 400,000 bushels ; 4 pits from 

 100,000 to 200,000 bushels; 19 pits from 50,000 to 100,000 bushels; 36 pits from 

 20,000 to 50,000 bushels ; 62 pits from 5,000 to 20,000 bushels ; and 32 pits loss than 

 5,000. Besides those, there were 1 pit belonging to the Crown, producing 424,712 

 bushels ; 4 pits belonging to shareholders, producing 738,939 bushels ; and 159 private 

 pits, producing 4,681,633 bushels. 



The Brown coal of Saxony was returned as follows in the years given : 

 1859 ........ 300,439 tons 



1860 320,632 



1861 . . . . . . . 369,182 



1862 399,740 



1863 428,615 



Bavaria produced in 1861 46,700 tons, from 56 Brown coal works. 

 1862 46,739 49 



BOHEMIA. In the year 1864, there were 306,345 tonnen of Bohemian brown coal 

 brought into the Berlin market. 



SWITZERLAND. The -coal-mines of Semsales, Bogens, and St. Martin, produce a 

 lignite-coal of first-rate quality. From 31,300 to 37,560 quintals, or from 2,817 to 

 3,130 tons, are extracted yearly. 



GBECE. The mines at Koumi produce a kind of coal known as lignite. Accord- 

 ing to the accounts furnished, 5,000 drachmas per annum is the maximum which has 

 been obtained from these mines since 1849, when the receipts amounted to 10,400 

 drachmas, and in 1847 to 12,000 drachmas. 



BROWN DYE. Upon this subject some general views are given in the article 

 DYEING, explanatory of the nature of this colour. The dye presents a vast variety 

 of tints from yellow and red to black-brown and is produced either by mixtures 

 of red, yellow, and blue with each other, or of yellow or red with black, or by 

 substantive colours, such as catechu or oxide of manganese alone. We shall here 

 notice only the principal shades, leaving their modifications to the caprice or skill of the 

 dyer. 



Brown, from mixture of other colours. 



Wool and woollen cloths must be boiled with th their weight of alum and sulpho- 

 tartrate of iron, afterwards washed, and rinsed through the madder bath, which dyes 

 the portion of the stuff imbued with the alum red, and that with the salt of iron 

 black, the tint depending upon the proportion of each and the duration of the madder 

 bath. 



A similar brown is produced by boiling every pound of the stuff with two ounces of 

 alum and one ounce of common salt, and then dyeing it in a bath of logwood contain- 

 ing either eulphotartrate, acetate, or sulphate of iron ; or the stuff may be boiled with 

 alum and tartar, dyed up in a madder bath, and then run through a black bath of iron 

 mordant and galls or sumach. Here the black tint is added to the red till the proper 

 hue be hit The brown may be produced also by adding some iron liquor to the 

 madder bath, after the stuff has been dyed up in it with alum and tartar. A better 

 brown of this kind is obtained by boiling every pound of wool with two ounces of 

 alum, dyeing it up in cochineal, then changing the crimson thus given into brown, by 

 turning the stuff through the bath after acetate of iron has been added to it. 



Instead of cochineal, archil or cudbear, with a little galls or sumach, may be added. 



A superior brown is produced upon cotton goods which have undergone the oiling 

 process of the Turkey -red dye. Such goods must be galled, mordanted with alum, 

 sulphate of iron, and acetate of lead (equal to rds of the alum) ; after washing and 

 drying, dyed in a madder bath, and cleared with a soap boil. The tint of brown 

 varies with the proportion of alum and sulphate of iron. 



Brown may be produced by direct dyes, 



The decoction of oak-bark dyes wool a fast brown colour, of different shades 

 according to the concentration of the bath. Alum improves the colour. 



The bastard marjorum ( Origanum vulgare) dyes cotton and linen a reddish-brown 

 with acetate of alumina, and wool of a dark brown. 



The bark of the mangrove-tree (Ithizophora mangle) gives a red-brown colour to 

 wool when boiled with alum and tartar, and a fast chocolate colour when sulphate of 

 iron is added. 



The pods of the East Indian Mimosa cineraria and the African Mimosa nilotica, 

 called the bablat, give cotton a brown, with acetate or sulphate of copper. 



The root of the water lily (Nymphasa alba) gives to cotton and wool beautiful 

 shades of brown. A mordant of sulphate of iron and zinc is first given, and then 

 the wool is turned through the decoction of the root till the wished-for shade is 

 obtained. The cotton must be mordanted with a mixture of the acetates of iron and zinc. 





