548 BUCKWHEAT 



being dovetailed ; and the cement and hairs, being pressed into the teeth or threads, 

 will cause them to adhere firmly to the stock or handle of the brush. 



A metal ferrule may be placed on the outside of the stock of the brush, if necessary, 

 and secured by pins or rivets, or in any other convenient manner, which ferrule may 

 also form one side of the outer grove. 



Fig. 264 is a plan view of the stock of the round brush ; fig. 263 is a section of the 

 same ; a a are the dovetailed grooves which are turned out of the wood ; b is the metal 

 ferrule ; c c are knots, or small bundles of hair, to form the brush. After a number of 

 the knots of hair are prepared, the ends are to be dipped into proper cement, and then 

 placed into the grooves, when their ends are to be squeezed by a pair of pliers, or 

 other means, which will compress them into the oval shape, as shown in fig. 264, 

 and cause the ends of the hairs to extend outward under the dovetailed part of the 

 recess. 



The knots of hair are to be successively placed in the grooves, and forced up by 

 a tool against the last knot put in, and so on, until the grooves are filled; fig. 262 is 

 a brush with teeth or threads of a screw formed upon the sides of the groove ; into 

 these teeth or threads the cement and hairs will be forced by the compression, by 

 which means they will be held firmly in the stock of the brush. 



BRUSHITE. A hydrated phosphate of lime occurring in the guano of Aves 

 Island and Sombrero in the Caribbean Sea, and named after Professor Brush, of Yale 

 College, U.S. 



BRUSH ORE or BLACK BRUSH. An iron ore found in the Forest of 

 Dean. 



BRUSH WHEELS. In light machinery, wheels are sometimes made to turn each 

 other by means of bristles fixed in their circumference ; these are called brush wheels. 

 The term is sometimes applied to wheels which move by their friction only. 



BRYLE, or BROIL. A mining term. The loose matter found in a lode near the 

 surface of the earth ; probably a corruption of BEUHEYL. 



BUCKING. A mining term. Bruising of the ore. A bucking iron is a flat iron 

 fixed on a handle, with which the oro is crushed ; and a bucking plate is an iron plate 

 on which the ore is placed to be crushed. 



BUCKING, or BO WKIVTG. A process of boiling goods in alkaline liquids for 

 bleaching. See BLEACHING. 



BUCKRAM. A linen cloth of much strength, made very stiff with size. 



BUCKTHORN. (Ehamnus catharticus.) This plant is a native of England ; it 

 grows to the height of from 15 to 20 feet; its flowers are greenish coloured, and its 

 berries four-seeded. It is the fruit of this plant which is sold under the name of 

 French berries. The juice of these, when in an unripe state, has the colour of saffron ; 

 when ripe and mixed with alum, it forms the sap green of the painters ; and in a 

 very ripe state, the berries afford a purple colour. The bark also yields a fine yellow 

 dye. See SAP GREEN. 



The alder buckthorn (Ehamnus frangula) grows naturally, and is very abundant in 

 woods and thickets in some parts of Britain. The berries of this species are often 

 substituted for those of the above ; but they are easily detected, since they contain 

 only two seeds. In a green state, they dye wool green and yellow ; when ripe, bluish 

 grey, blue, and green. The bark also dyes yellow, and, with preparation of iron, 

 black. Lawson. 



Rock buckthorn (Ehamnus saxatttis), the berries of which are used to dye morocco 

 leather yellow. These, in common with the narrow-leaved buckthorn berries (R. 

 Glum) and those of the yellow-berried buckthorn (B. infectorius), are sold as Avignon 

 berries. The wood of the Ehamnus erythroxylon (which is a native of Siberia, but 

 grows freely in this climate), in a ground state, yields the bright red colour known to 

 dyers under the name of red wood. 



BUCKWHEAT. (Ble Sarrasin, Fr. ; Buchwtizen, Ger.) The common buck- 

 wheat (Polygonum Fagopyrum, from poly, many, and gonu, a knee, in reference to its 

 numerous joints) is cultivated for feeding pheasants and other game ; and is now 

 being largely used in France and in this country in distilleries. 



' In France, besides being used for feeding fowls, pigs, &c., it is given to horses ; 

 and it is said that a bushel of its grains goes further than two bushels of oats, 

 and, if mixed with four times its bulk of bran, will bo full feeding for any horse 

 for a week. Its haulm, or straw, is said to be more nourishing than that of 

 clover, and its beautiful pink or reddish blossoms form a rich repast for bees.' 

 Lawson. 



It has been stated that the leaves of the common buckwheat (Polygonum Fagopy- 

 rum), yield, by fermentation, Indigo-blue. On examining this plant, for the purpose 

 of ascertaining whether this statement was correct, Schunck was unable to obtain a 

 trace of that colouring matter; but he discovered that the plant contains a considerable 



