CAJUPUT OIL 571 



found except in company with ETTBIDIUM. Its name ia derived from CSMS, ' sky- 

 blue,' which colour it imparts to flame, and when its radiations are decomposed by a 

 prism, it gives two blue fines, one rather faint in the middle of the blue space of the 

 ordinary golar spectrum, and the other brighter, situated towards the violet end. 



Caesium was first detected in the mineral water of Diirkheim, ten kilogrammes 

 (about two pounds and a quarter) of which contained not quite two milligrammes 

 (0'015 grain). It has since been detected in the waters of Kreuznach, and in those 

 of Baden-Baden, Bourbonne-les-Bains, Haute-Marne ; in the salines of Aussee ; and 

 in the lepidolite or lithium-mica of Zinnwald, of Eozena, and of Hebron in Maine, 

 United States. But the most abundant source of caesium yet discovered is a rare 

 mineral found in Elba, and known as Pollux; Pisani has found as much as 32 per 

 cent, of caesium in this mineral. 



Pure metallic caesium has not yet been obtained ; but an amalgam of caesium can 

 be procured by electrolysing a solution of chloride of caesium, using mercury as the 

 negative pole. For the salts of caesium, see Watts's ' Dictionary of Chemistry.' 



CAFFEINE. C S H 5 N 2 2 (C 4 H 5 N 2 O). A weak alkaloid discovered in coffee. It 

 is white, crystallisable in silky needles, fusible, volatile, and soluble in water, alcohol, 

 and ether. It is identical with Theine and with Guaranin. 



According to Kobiquet, the proportion of caffeine in 1,000 of coffee is as follows : 

 Martinique 6'4, Alexandrian 4'4, Java 4-4, Mocha 4, Cayenne 3'8, St. Domingo 3-2. 

 It is probable that 0'64 per cent, is an ordinary proportion. According to Liebig, the 

 proportions are per Ib. : Martinique 32 gr., Alexandrian 22, Java 22, Mocha 20, 

 Cayenne 19, St. Domingo 16. To obtain caffeine, H. J. Versman of Lubeck mixes 

 10 Ibs. of bruised raw coffee with 2 of lime, made previously into hydrate ; treats the 

 mixture in a displacement apparatus with alcohol of 80 till the fluid which passes 

 through no longer furnishes evidence of the presence of caffeine. The coffee is then 

 roughly ground and brought nearly to the state of a powder, and the refuse of the 

 once digested mixture from the displacement apparatus, dried and ground again, and 

 mixed with hydrate of lime, is once more macerated. The grinding is more easily, 

 effected after the coffee has been subjected to the operation of alcohol, having lost its 

 horny quality, and the caffeine is thus more certainly extracted. The bright alcoholic 

 liquid thus obtained is then to be distilled, and the refuse in the retort to be washed 

 with warm water to separate the oil. The fluid is now e-vaporated into a crystalline 

 4nass, filtered, and expressed. The impure caffeine is freed from oil by pressure 

 between folds of blotting-paper, purified by solution in water with animal charcoal, 

 and is thus obtained in shining white silky crystals. See THEINE and G-TJAEANIN. 



CAFFEOWE. The aromatic principle of coffee is so called. It is a brown oil 

 heavier than water, and slightly soluble in that fluid when boiling. It is prepared by 

 distilling coffee with water, agitating the distillate with ether, and evaporating the 

 ether. Considerably less than a grain will flavour a pint or two of water. 



c AHOUW NUTS. The fruits of Attalea funifera, the A. cohune of Martins. 

 The tree producing these nuts is a plume-like palm, a native of Honduras. The nuts 

 grow in clusters like bunches of grapes. An oil is extracted from these nuts by ex- 

 pression equal to that of the cocoa-nut. See COCOA-NUT. 



CAINE. The Brazilian name for the American oil-palm, Eleeis melanococca. Of 

 its very long leaves the Brazilians make ropes, and its expressed oil is much used by 

 them. See EUEIS and PAIM On,. 



CAIRNGORM, or CAIRXTGORTTOX, is the name generally applied to the more 

 pellucid and paler coloured varieties of smoky quartz, with a tint resembling that of 

 sherry or amber. It is so called from the district of Cairngorum, or the ' Blue Moun- 

 tain,' in the south-west of Banff, where these crystals are frequently found. When 

 of a good colour, this crystal is made into ornaments, and used for jewellery ; indeed, 

 so great a favourite is the Cairngorum with the people of Scotland, that brooches, pins, 

 bracelets, and a variety of ornaments, are made with this stone, for use by all classes. 



C A JTTPUT OIK is obtained from the leaves of the tree called Melaleuca minor, 

 which grows upon the mountains of Amboyna, and in other of the Molucca Islands. 

 It is procured by distillation of the dried leaves with water, is prepared in great 

 quantities in the island of Banda, and sent to Holland in copper flasks : hence, as it 

 comes to us, it has a green colour. Ure. M. Guibort appears to have detected cop- 

 per in several samples of cajuput oil. Pereira says, 'All the samples of the oil 

 which I have examined, though green, were quite devoid of copper ; ' and Mr. Brando 

 observes, that none of the samples which he has examined have contained even a 

 trace of copper. It is very limpid, lighter than water, of a strong smell resembling 

 camphor, and pungent taste like cardamoms. In 1831, oil of cajuput was greatly 

 extolled as a remedy for cholera ; and to meet the sudden and large demand, various 

 adulterations and imitations were introduced. One of these consisted of oil of rose- 

 mary, flavoured with cardamoms or oil of cardamoms, and coloured. According to 



