652 CALICO-PRINTING 



: No. 1G8. Dark Red with artificial Alizarine. \ Ib. of No. 169, 7 Ibs. wheat starch, 

 2} Ibs. acetic acid at 8 T., 12 Ibs artificial alizarine of 10 per cent, strength, 5 quarts 

 of acetate-of-lime solution at 18 T., 2 gallons of water, 2 quarts olive oil, boil well, 

 cool, and add 2i gallons of No. 163 reduced to 1 1 T. 



No 169. 1. gallon of water, 1 Ib. gum-tragacanth, boil till dissolved, and add water 

 to make up to 1 gallon. 



No. 170. Dark Bed with artificial Alizarine. 1 quart of 10 per cent, alizarine, 

 15 oz. measure acetic acid 12 T., 3J pints of starch paste at 2 Ibs. per gallon, 

 i pint of acetate-of-lime-solution at 20 T., 12 oz. measure of No. 163, pint of olive 

 oil. 



No. 171. Pale Redffom artificial Alizarine. 2| quarts of 10 per cent, alizarine of 

 Meister, Lucius and Briinning, l quart of acetic acid at 12 T., 8% quarts of starch 

 paste at 2 Ibs. per gallon, 1 quart of acetate-of-lime solution at 20 T., l quart of 

 No. 163, 1J quart of olive oil. 



No. 172. Purple with artificial Alizarine. 2 Ibs. of artificial alizarine as in No. 171, 

 1 pint acetic acid at 8 T., 3J quarts gum-gedda solution at 4 Ibs. per gallon, pint 

 of pyrolignite of iron liquor at 10 T., 2$ oz. measure of acetate-of-lime solution at 

 20 T. 



Madder Extract Chocolate. M. Horace Koechlin discovered that oxide of chromium 

 gave with 'madder extract a beautiful chocolate colour : an addition of solution of 

 acetate of chromium to any soiled madder-extract red colour left after printing, 

 converts this latter into a very good chocolate, and is a good way of utilizing dirty 

 colour, too valuable to throw away. A good chocolate may also be made by mixing 

 madder-extract red with the chrome black No. 160, for instance 6 of old madder- 

 extract red and 1 of chrome black. 



After printing, the pieces are hung up for some time to equalise their temperature, 

 and are then steamed. 



There are two methods of steaming now commonly employed the column and 

 the chest. The column is a hollow cylinder of copper, from 3 to 5 inches in diameter, 

 and about 44 inches long, perforated over its whole surface with holes of about ^th 

 of an inch, placed about ^ of an inch asunder. A circular plate, about 9 inches 

 diameter, is soldered to the lower end of the column, destined to prevent the coil 

 of cloth from sliding down off the cylinder. The lower end of the column termi- 

 nates in a pipe, mounted with a stopcock for regulating the admission of steam 

 from the main steam boiler of the factory. In some cases, the pipe fixed to the lower 

 surface of the disc is made tapering, and fits into a conical socket, in a strong iron or 

 copper box, fixed to a solid pedestal ; the steam-pipe enters into one side of that box, 

 and is provided, of course, with a stopcock. The condensed water of the column falls 

 down into that chest, and may be let off by a descending tube and a stopcock. In 

 other forms of the column, the conical junction pipe is at its top, and fits there into 

 an inverted socket connected with a steam chest, while the bottom has a very small 

 tubular outlet, so that the steam may be exposed to a certain pressure in the column 

 when it is encased with cloth. 



The pieces are lapped round this column, but not in immediate contact with it ; for 

 the copper cylinder is first enveloped in a few coils of blanket stuff, then with several 

 coils of white calico, next with the several pieces of the printed goods, stitched end- 

 wise, and lastly, with an outward mantle of white calico. In the course of the lapping 

 and unlapping of such a length of webs, the cylinder is laid in a horizontal frame, in 

 which it is made to revolve. In the act of steaming, however, it is fixed upright, by 

 one of the methods above described. The steaming lasts for 20 or 30 minutes accord- 

 ing to the nature of the dyes ; those which contain much solution of tin admit of less 

 steaming. Whenever the steam is shut off, the goods must be immediately uncoiled, 

 to prevent the chance of any aqueous condensation. The unrolled pieces are free 

 from damp, and require only to be exposed for a few minutes in the air to appear 

 perfectly dry. Were water condensed during the process, it would be apt to make the 

 colours run. 



The other method of steaming, and the one now most generally employed, is that 

 of the chest. This is an iron chamber generally now of cylindrical shape, as being 

 the strongest form. This cylinder i about 10 feet long and 8 feet wide, fixed horizon- 

 tally. It is closed at one end, the other is provided with strong closely-fitting folding 

 doors, or with a strong door suspended from pullies, and balanced with a heavy 

 weight. In either case the doors are fitted with iron screws, so that they can be 

 screwed close to the cylinder and thus rendered steam-tight. There is a second roof 

 inside the cylinder, which receives any drops of condensed water, and carries them 

 past the pieces at the sides. There is a perforated false bottom, underneath which is 

 a perforated steam-pipe, laid from end to end of the chest ; this pipe admits the steam, 

 which is further diffused by the holes in the false bottom. On the false bottom is laid 



