CALICO-PRINTING 661 



uidering the composition of the colours to be a guarantee against their containing 

 iron ; in such case, they print in colours 31, 32, and 35, covering in paler shades 

 of 32 after dyeing ; fly-dung with 3 cwts. cow-dung, 12 Ibs. sal-ammoniac, 1,000 gallons 

 water at 110 F. ; second dung with cwt. cow-dung at 110 15 minutes; wash and dyo 

 as for 1 c. In this method of mordanting, the aluminate of soda that has escaped de- 

 composition by the carbonic acid of the air is decomposed by the muriate of ammonia, 

 and alumina precipitated on the cloth. 



2 a. Black, chocolate, red, and brown on white ground. Print in colours 5, 13 

 (6 shade), 14, and 22 ; age 3 or 4 nights; fly-dung at 160 F., second dung at 160 F., 

 and dye with chocolate garancin or garanceux (see p. 638). 



2 b. Black, chocolate, red, and purple. Print as 2 b, but dye with purple garancin 

 (see p. 638). 



3 a. For chintz work treat as 1 a, then in the parts of the pattern meant for ground- 

 ing-in, block the colours 118 yellow, 119 green, and 110. If the pattern is such as 

 to admit of it, all these colours may be printed at once from one block, using the toby- 

 ing sieve, p. 585 ; the colours, however, for this method must be thickened with gum ; 

 steam, &c., as described for steam colours. 



3 b. Black, 2 reds, blue, green, and yellow covered in drab, or other shades. Print 

 in 4, 6, and 7 ; dye, &c., as 1 a ; block in colour 38 with a block which covers all the 

 pattern, and also those portions which are intended for the steam colours : when this 

 paste is dry, cover by machine in any of colours 40 to 47, age 2 or 3 nights ; fly-dung 

 at 160 F., second dung at 150 F., and dye with bark, or bark and logwood or 

 cover in colour 48, and dye madder and bark as dir: g (p. 642) for chocolate ; or 

 cover in colour 49 or 51, and after drying and ageing, wincing in chalky water ; or in 

 any of colours 55, 56, or 57, rinsing in carbonate of soda liquor at 5 T. when dry. 

 After obtaining the ground shade by any of these processes and drying, ground in by 

 block colours 118, 119, and 110, steam, wash, and dry. 



3 c. For furniture hangings, which are generally printed in large groups of flowers, 

 a very pretty pea-green ground is often blocked in as groundwork, which is made and 

 fixed as follows : 



No. 228. Pea- Green. (a) Standard : 6 Ibs. sulphate of copper, 1 gallon water, 

 4 Ibs. brown acetate of lead ; dissolve, let settle, and use the clear. (6) Colour, 2 

 measures of standard, 1 measure of 7-lb. gum-Senegal solution. 



After printing, age two nights, and pass through a cistern with roller, set with 

 caustic potash liquor at 15 T., which has 8 oz. per gallon of arsenious acid dissolved 

 in it. The liquor should be heated to 110 F. ; out of this wash and dry. 



3 d. Instead of blocking-in steam blue and green, fast blue and green are introduced 

 where the colours are required to be particularly permanent ; colours 62 or 63 or both 

 are blocked-in and raised as follows : 5 stone cisterns, each mounted with a hand 

 reel, and containing about 200 gallons each, are set with carbonate-of-soda liquor, 

 No. 1 at 7 T., No. 2 at 6 T., No. 3 at 5 T., No. 4 at 4 T., and No. 5 at 3 T. ; 

 wince 10 times backwards and forwards in each pit, beginning with No. 1, and ending 

 with No. 5 ; wince in water and wash. The change that takes place here is similar 

 to that in raising China blues. The indigo is maintained in a deoxidised state by ths 

 protoxide of tin formed, until it has fixed itself in the cloth by reoxidation in the air. 

 Where fast green has been printed, the pieces are winced in bichromate-of -potash 

 liquor at 4 T. for 10 minutes, then washed and dried. 



3 e. Black and purple and white with buff ground. Print in 4 and 27 (12 shade), 

 age, dung, and dye, &c., as directed for plate purples (p. 635) ; block over the pattern 

 and portions of the unprinted part the paste No. 39 ; blotch with pad roller in No. 53 

 (6 shade), dry and raise as follows : Wince 14 minutes in caustic soda at 2 T. at 

 110 F., then wince the water till quite buff, then wince in 400 gallons water with 1 

 quart chloride of lime at 12 T. 10 minutes ; wash and dry. 



Silk, in its capacity for receiving colours, holds a medium place between cotton and 

 wool. From its being an animal substance, it is difficult to obtain white grounds or 

 objects after dyeing mordanted silk, the silk itself attracting colouring matter some- 

 what as a mordant. Previously to printing silk, it is well scoured by boiling for 

 2 hours with Jib. of soap to every pound of silk, then -well washed and dried. For 

 handkerchiefs, black, chocolate, and red mordants are printed, aged, and dunged off 

 same as for cottons, and dyed with madder or garancin, soaped, washed, and dried. 

 Purples cannot be obtained on silk by mordanting and dyeing madder, the colour 

 produced being a mixture of red and purple. All sorts of colours can be produced on 

 silk by steam, the whites remaining brilliant. For steam colours, silk is mordanted 

 with tin, by steeping 4 hours in a solution of Bulphomuriate of tin at 2 T., made by 



