662 CALICO-PRINTING 



dissolving 1 Ib. of muriate-of-tin crystals in water, and adding 1 Ib. of sulphuric acid 

 at 170 T., and reducing to 2 T. After steeping, the silk is -washed with water, and 

 dried. The following are specimens of steam colours for silk : 



No. 229. Black. 2 gallons logwood liquor at 8 T., 1 quart iron liquor at 10 T., 

 1 Ib. flour, 1 Ib. light British gum ; boil, and add 6 oz. yellow prussiuto of potash ; 

 cool, and add 2 oz. sulphate of copper, 1 pint muriate of iron at 80 T., pint pernitrato 

 of iron at 80 T. 



No. 230. Chocolate. 2 gallons of Sapan liquor at 12 T., 6 quarts logwood liquor 

 at 12 T., 1 quart bark liquor at 16 T., 2 Ibs. alum, 1J Ib. sal-ammoniac, 14 Ibs. gum- 

 Senegal. 



No. 231. Bed. 3 gallons of cochineal liquor at 4 T., 1J pint bark liquor at 12 T., 

 3 Ibs. starch ; boil, then cool, and add 1 Ib. oxalic acid, 1 Ib. muriate-of-tin crystals. 



No. 232. Yellow. 3 gallons of bark liquor at 16 T., 8 oz. alum, 3 oz. muriato-of-tin 

 crystals, 3 oz. oxalic acid, 9 Ibs. gum-Senegal. 



No. 233. Green. 1 gallon of yellow, No. 232, pint extract of indigo, 2.V oz. 

 measure of muriate of tin at 120 T. 



No. 234. Blue. 1 gallon of water, 1 Ib. yellow prussiate of potash, Ib. oxalic acid, 

 Ib. tartaric acid, 2oz. sulphuric acid at 170 T., 1 gallon of 6-lb. gum-Senegal water. 



Aniline colours for silk do not require any fixing substance, such as albumen, the 

 silk itself being capable of combining with such colours. A preliminary mordanting 

 with muriate of tin, though not essential, improves the shades, and is given as follows : 

 Wince the silk for one hour in muriate-of-tin solution at 1 T., wince in water, and 

 dry. The following colours will show the exceedingly simple nature of these prepara- 

 tions : 



No.235. DarJc Magenta. 6 measures of 3 -Ib gum-Senegal solution, and 1 of Simpson's 

 No. 2 Roseine. 



No. 236. Pale Magenta, 5 measures of 3-lb. gum-Senegal solution, and 1 of Dark 

 Magenta colour. 



No. 237. Blotching Magenta. 8 measures of 3-lb. gum-Senegal solution, and 1 

 of No. 2 Roseine. 



No. 238. Dark Primula. 20 measures of 3-lb. gum-Senegal solution, and one of 

 Hofmann's Violet. 



No. 239. Pale Primula. 4 measures of 3-lb. gum-Senegal solution, and one of Dark 

 Primula colour. 



Mauves are reduced the same way, but using Hofmann's Blue Violet Liquor. 



Artificial gums will not do for silks, as they leave the silk stiff and harsh. Steam 

 as usual for half an hour with rather a low pressure, wash and dry. 



No. 240. Aniline Black. This splendid and unique black was invented by the late 

 Mr. John Lightfoot, of Accrington, in 1859, and patented in January 1863. This black, 

 when developed on the cloth, is unaffected by light or soap. Strong acids merely turn it 

 dark green, the black colour being restored in all its intensity by alkalis. Strong hypo- 

 chlorite-of-lime solution turns the black into a chocolate or dark brown, but long 

 washing with water restores the black, with scarcely any loss of strength. It can be 

 printed along with steam colours and madder colours, and with lead oranges and 

 yellows. There is no colour that can compare with it in fastness. Exposure to air 

 containing sulphurous acid or sulphuretted hydrogen causes the black to turn dark 

 green, but the black is immediately restored by a passage in soap solution. For the 

 invention of this black Mr. Lightfoot received the gold medal of the Socie"t6 Industrielle 

 of Mulhouse. The original colour was the following : One gallon of starch paste at 

 1 Ib. starch per gallon, 4 oz. chlorate of potash, 8 oz. aniline previously mixed with 

 8 oz. measure of muriatic acid of commerce ; 4 oz. measure of chloride-of -copper solution 

 at 88 T., 2 oz. of sal-ammoniac. It was soon found that from its great acidity and the 

 action of the copper salt upon the steel ' doctors ' of the printing machine, this colour 

 was too inconvenient for general use. H. Cordillot proposed in December 1863,ablack 

 made with ferricyanide of ammonium : which salt had, however, been previously 

 mentioned in Lightfoot's specification ; but the colour was dear, decomposed rapidly, 

 required a high temperature for its development, and attacked the fibre of the cloth, 

 inconveniences which caused its speedy abandonment. The discovery of Charles 

 Lauth, of Paris, that sulphide of copper used in place of chloride of copper, whilst 

 being nearly unacted upon by the other ingredients of the colour until the printing 

 had been performed, underwent speedy decomposition when on the cloth, and a soluble 

 copper salt was formed by oxidation of the sulphide by the chlorate of potash, gave 

 the crowning impetus to this colour, and its use became universal by printers. The 

 action of the hydrochlorate of aniline upon the steel ' doctors ' still proving an incon- 

 venience, M. Camille Ko3chlin substituted tartrato of aniline for the hydrochlorate, 

 adding chloride of ammonium, in order to decompose this tartrate when upon the 

 cloth, and reproduce hydrochlorate of aniline, which salt is essential for the proper 

 development of the black. The modified colour of C. Kcechlin is still largely used in 



