688 CANNEL COAL 



probable that several species are cut indiscriminately. The best rattans are obtained 

 from Sumatra, Borneo, and Malacca ; from these places they are exported to Europe, 

 Bengal, and China ; in the latter country the consumption of rattans is immense. The 

 average annual importation to this country amounts to about 11,000,000. The stems 

 of the rattan are coated with a flinty bark ; they are easily split, and from them the 

 bottoms of chairs and similar articles are manufactured. The resinous matters of the 

 rattan is the dragon's blood of commerce. 



Rattan anes are often counfounded with the bamboo. They are, however, as stated 

 above, the produce of various species of the genus Calamus, whilst the bamboo is a 

 crass belonging to the genus Bambusa. Rattans are cylindrical, jointed, very tough, 

 ;tnd strong, from the size of a goosequill to that of the human wrist, and from fifty to a 

 hundred feet in length. Theyare used for wicker-work, seats of chairs, walking-sticks, &c. 



The bamboo is a plant of the reed kind, growing in the East Indies, and other warm 

 climates, and sometimes attaining the height of sixty feet. Old stalks grow to five or 

 six inches diameter, and are so hard and durable as to be used for building, and for 

 all sorts of furniture, for water-pipes, and for poles to support palanquins. The 

 smaller kinds are used for walking-sticks, flutes, &c. See BAMBOO. 



Canes of various kinds are employed in manufactures, as the Sugar-cane, &c. 

 The arundo (the reed), a genus of plants belonging to the grasses, are also largely 

 used. They are imported from Spain and Portugal for the use of the weaver, and for 

 the manufacture of fishing rods. 



C ANGIC A WOOD, called also in England Angica. It is of a rose-wood colour ; 

 and js imported from the Brazils in trimmed logs, from eight to ten inches diameter. 

 As a variety in cabinet work, small quantities of this wood are employed. 



CANNABIC COMPOSITION. This material for architectural decoration is 

 described by Mr. B. Albano to have a basis of hemp, amalgamated with resinous sub- 

 stances, carefully prepared and worked into sheets of large dimensions. 



Ornaments in high relief and with great sharpness of detail are obtained by 

 pressure of metal discs, and they are of less than half the weight of papier-mache" 

 ornaments, sufficiently thin and elastic to be adapted to wall surfaces, bearing blows 

 of the hammer, and resisting all ordinary actions of heat and cold without change of 

 form. Its weather qualities had been severely tried on the Continent, as for coverings 

 of roofs, &c., remaining exposed without injury. 



This composition is of Italian origin, and in Italy it lias been employed for panels, 

 frames, and centres. It is well fitted to receive bronze, paint, or varnish ; the 

 material is so hard as to allow gold to be burnished, after gilding the ornaments 

 made of it. 



CANNA8XS INDICA. Indian hemp. See HEMP. 



C ANNABIS S ATI VA. Common hemp. See HEMP. 



CANNABINE. A poisonous resin extracted from hemp (Cannabis sativa). 

 The narcotic properties of chaschisch or bang depend on the presence of this resin. 



C ANNA EDTDXXS. The rhizomes or tubers of this plant are supposed to yield 

 the starch known in commerce as Tous-les-mois, but it is probably derived from 

 C. glauca or C. Achiras. (Pereira; Bentleyand Redwood, 1872). See Tous-uss-Mois. 



C ANNEX. CO AXi is generally considered to be a variety of bituminous coal. Its 

 name Canrvyl, a candle, is derived from the readiness with which it kindles and burns 

 with flame. Cannel coal is obtained most abundantly in Lancashire, especially around 

 Wigan, which district produces 650,000 tons per annum, while the Manchester 

 district produces about 130,000 tons. It is found abundantly in Scotland, where 

 it is known as gas-coal; the quantity produced in 1865 was 322,000 tons. In 

 Flintshire a very fine cannel has been found, especially at Leeswood, near Mold ; 

 about 150,000 tons are raised, nearly all of which' is used for the distillation of coal- 

 oil. Cannel coal is also found in Derbyshire, in Warwickshire, and in Yorkshire. 



Detailed Statement of the Production of Cannel .Coal in Great Britain. 



ENGLAND. T 0ns 



Staffordshire, North. A Cannel coal of uncertain quality occurs in this dis- 

 trict, especially between Hanley and Harecastle. It is usually termed in the 

 locality pill ' or ' peal,' and is sold at the pit's mouth at 10s. the ton. The 

 quantity of this Cannel which is raised annually is about .... 10,000 



Nottinghamshire. The chief if not the only place in this county at which 

 Cannel is worked is at Hucknall Torckard, near Nottingham. Nearly all 

 that is raised is appropriated for oil-making, the quantity produced being 48,000 

 Derbyshire. The places producing this variety of coal are the following : 

 Ronishaw, near Chesterfield. This is not strictly a Cannel. 

 Swanwick Colliery. This is a Cannel of fair average quality. 

 Clay Cross. But little is worked on this estate at present, 



