690 CANVAS 



Tho stock of Cannol coal on hand when this estimate wns made was stated to have 

 been 61,600 tons, making the total quantity raised as 383,600 tons. Mr. Binney 

 informs us that nearly 100,000 tons of this is used in making oil. 



The Total Quantity of Cannel Coal produced in the United Kingdom, may be 

 estimated as : 



Tons 



England 948,000 



Wales 160,000 



Scotland 322,000 



1,420,000 



At a low estimate 250,000 tons of this has 260,000 

 been submitted to distillation for coal-oil ; 

 therefore, for gas-making and other pur- . 



poses, the total quantity obtained will be 1,170,000 



See SHAMES and SHALE On,. 



This coal, when worked for ornament, is cut with a saw, and the pieces are rough- 

 shaped with a chopper. For making a snuff-box, whether plain, screwed, or excen- 

 tric turned, the plank-way, or the surface parallel with the seam, is most suitable ; 

 it is also proper for vases, the caps and bases of columns, &c. Cylindrical pieces, as 

 for the shafts of columns, should be cut from either edge of the slab, as the laminae 

 then run lengthways, and the objects are much stronger: cylindrical pieces thus 

 prepared, say 3 inches long and f ths of an inch diameter, are so strong they cannot 

 be broken between the fingers. Similar pieces have been long since used for tho 

 construction of flutes, and in the British Museum may be seen a snuff-box of 

 Cannel coal, said to have been turned in the reign of Charles I., and also two busts 

 of Henry VIII. and his daughter Lady Mary carved in the same material. The 

 plank-way surfaces turn the most freely, and with shavings much like those of 

 wood ; the edges yield small chips, and at last a fine dust, but which does not stick 

 to the hands in the manner of common coal. Flat objects, such as inkstands, are 

 worked with the joiners' ordinary tools and planes. The edges of Cannel coal are 

 harder and polish better than flat surfaces. Holtzapffel. See COAL and BOGHEAD 

 COAL. 



CANNONS See ARTILLERY and SHELL. 



CAKTlON-BAIiIi TREE. Couroupite Guianensis. A tree belonging to the 

 Lecythidece, a suborder of the dicotyledonous plants belonging to the natural order 

 Myrtacece. These trees are natives of South America, and are distinguished by their 

 very large fleshy flowers and singular fruit. The cannon-ball tree obtains its name 

 from the peculiar large heavy woody fruit, which is as big as a thirty-six-pound shot. 

 The shells of this fruit are used for drinking vessels. 



CAXTTHAZtZDES. The blister beetle or Spanish fly, the Cantharis vcsieatoria. 

 Cantharides are chiefly collected in Hungary, Eussia, and the south of France. They 

 are imported from St. Petersburg in cases, each containing 160 to 170 Ibs. and also 

 from Messina in barrels or cases holding each 100 Ibs. See Pereira's ' Materia Medica,' 

 Bentley and Kedwood, 1872. 



CAMTTOZrs PHOSPHORUS. Sulphate of lime being heated with charcoal in 

 a, crucible is converted into sulphide or sulphuret of calcium. If this preparation is 

 spread over a sheet of paper, and exposed to bright sunshine, it will, when taken 

 into a dark room, emit a phosphorescent light. This solar phosphorus was discovered 

 by Canton, and is prepared according to his directions by calcining for an hour at 

 a red heat a mixture of 3 parts of ground oyster-shells and 1 ^part of sulphur. See 

 PHOSPHOBTJS and PYBOPHOBUS. 



CANVAS. (Canevas, Fr. ; Kanevas, Ger.) A coarse cloth made of hemp or 

 flax, which is used for tho sails of ships and for tents. It has been found that sails of 

 ships made with the selvages and seams of the canvas running down parallel to their 

 edges are very apt to bag, and become torn in the middle, from the strain to which 

 they are subjected by the pressure of the wind. To obviate this inconvenience a mode 

 of making sails, with the seams and selvages running diagonally, was proposed by 

 Admiral Brooking, and a patent granted to him for the same on November 4, 1828. 

 Tho invention of Messrs. Ramsay and Orr has a similar object, viz., that of giving 

 additional strength to sails by a peculiar manner of weaving the canvas of which they 

 are made. 



The improvement consisted in weaving the canvas with diagonal threads ; that is, 

 placing the weft yarn, or shoot, in weaving, at an oblique angle to the warp yarns, 

 instead of making the decussation of the warp, or weft threads, or yarns, at right angles 

 to each other, as in the ordinary mode of weaving. 



