CARNELIAN 731 



and the liquor has got a fine red tinge. It must be then drawn off and precipitated 

 by acetic acid and alcohol, next washed with alcohol, and dried. Carmine dissolved 

 in ammonia has been long employed by painters under the name of Liquid carmine, 



Carmine is the finest red colour which the painter possesses. It is principally 

 employed in miniature painting, water colours, and to tint artificial flowers, because 

 it is more transparent than the other colours. This valuable pigment is often adulte- 

 rated with starch. Water of ammonia enables us to detect this fraud by dissolving 

 the pure carmine, and leaving the starchy matter, as well as most other sophisticating 

 substances. Such debased carmine is apt to spoil with damp. 



C ARNAIiI<ITE. A hydrous chloride of potassium and magnesium, named after 

 Von Carnall, of the salt-mines at Stassfurt, near Magdeburg, in Prussia. The 

 carnallite occurs in the upper beds of these salt-deposits, known as the ' Carnallite 

 region.' It is also found under similar conditions at Kalusz in Galicia, and is said to 

 occur likewise at Maman in Persia. See ABBATJM SALTS. 



Carnallite occurs massive or in coarsely-granular forms ; when pure it is colourless, 

 but in most cases it presents a reddish colour due to included six-sided plates of 

 micaceous iron-ore (peroxide of iron). The specific gravity of the salt is 1-6. It 

 deliquesces in the air, and dissolves freely in water. The formula of carnallite is 

 2MgCl + KCl+12HO (MgCl 2 + XCl+6HO 2 ). A specimen of pure carnallito 

 would therefore contain 34'2 per cent, of chloride of magnesium, 26'8 of chloride of 

 potassium, and 39 of water ; as raised from the mine, however, it generally contains 

 also chloride of sodium and sulphate of potash, sometimes with organic matter and 

 microscopic crystals of anhydrite and quartz. The carnallite beds are so intermixed 

 with the other minerals that the commercial potash-salts known as carnallite contain 

 only 66 per cent, of carnallite, representing 17^ per cent, of chloride of potassium. 

 The mineral is associated with rock-salt, kieserite, sylvine, &c. It is largely employed 

 as a source of chloride of potassium, which is obtained from it by merely treating the 

 salt with hot water, whereby the readily -soluble chloride of magnesium is dissolved 

 out. The salt is also used in the preparation of chlorine gas, and in the manufacture 

 of manures. 



CARNAUBA. The name of a palm growing in Brazil, the Corypha cerifcra. 

 The fruit is edible. Candles are made from the wax which is obtained from the 

 leaves by melting the coating. The wood is very strong, and used in building. 



CARNELIAN or CORNELIAN. (Cornaline, Fr. ; Karneol, Ger. ; Cornalina, 

 Ital.) A reddish variety of chalcedony, generally of a clear bright tint ; it is some- 

 times of a yellow or brown colour, and it passes into common chalcedony through 

 greyish red. Heintz, by his analysis, shows that the colour is due to peroxide of iron. 

 He found per cent., Peroxide of Iron 0'050 ; Alumina 0-081 ; Magnesia 0'028 ; Potash 

 0-0043 ; Soda 0'075 ; the remainder being Silica. Dana. 



Carnelians are the stones usually employed, when engraved, for seals. The French 

 give to those carnelians which have the utmost transparency and purity, the name of 

 Cornaline d?ancienne roche. See AGATE. 



The late J. Forbes, Esq., long a resident in India, and with ample means of refer- 

 ence to the province of Guzerat, thus describes the locality of the carnelian mines : 



' Carnelians, agates, and the beautifully variegated stones improperly called Mocha 

 Stones, form a valuable part of the trade at Cambay. The best agates and carnelians 

 are found in peculiar strata, thirty feet under the surface of the earth, in a small tract 

 among the Rajepiplee hills on the banks of the Nerbudda ; they are not to be met 

 with in any other part of Guzerat, and are generally cut and polished in Cambay. 

 On being taken from their native bed, they are exposed to the heat of the sun for two 

 years : the longer they remain in that situation, the brighter and deeper will be the 

 colour of the stone. Fire is sometimes substituted for the solar ray, but with less 

 effect, as the stones frequently crack, and seldom acquire a brilliant lustre. After 

 having undergone this process, they are boiled for two days, and sent to manufacturers 

 at Cambay. The agates are of different hues ; those generally called carnelians are 

 dark, white, and red, in shades from the palest yellow to the deepest scarlet. 



' The variegated stones with landscapes, trees, and water beautifully delineated 

 are found at Copper-wange, or, more properly, Cubber-punge, ' The Five Tombs,' a 

 place sixty miles distant.' Oriental Memoirs, 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 323. 



' At Neemoudra, a village of the Rajepiplee district, and three miles east, are some 

 celebrated carnelian mines. The country in the immediate vicinity of the mines is but 

 little cultivated ; and on account of the jungles, and their inhabitants the tigers, no 

 human inhabitants are found nearer than Rattumpoor, which is seven miles off. The 

 miners have huts at this place when stones are burned. 



' The carnelian mines are situated in the widest parts of the jungle, and consist of 

 numerous shafts worked down perpendicularly abut 4 feet wide, the deepest about 

 50 feet. Some extend at the bottom in a horizontal direction, but usually not far, the 



