CASHMERE 743 



When the case-hardening is required to terminate at any particular part, as a 

 shoulder, the object is left with a band or projection; the work is allowed to cool 

 without being immersed in water ; the band is turned off, and the work, when hardened 

 in the open fire, is only effected as far as the original cemented surface remains. This 

 ingenious method was introduced by Mr. Eobcrts, of Manchester, who considers the 

 success of the case-hardening process to depend on the gentle application of the heat; 

 and that, by proper management not to overheat the work, it may be made to penetrate 

 three-eighths of an inch in four or five hours. Holtzapffel. 



The application of prussiate (ferrocyanide) of potash to this purpose is a very 

 interesting chemical problem. The piece of iron, after being polished, is to be made 

 brightly red-hot, and then rubbed or sprinkled over with the above salt in fine 

 powder, upon the part intended to be hardened. The prussiate being decomposed, 

 and apparently dissipated, the iron is to be quenched in cold water. If the process 

 has been well managed, the surface of the metal will have become so hard as to resist 

 the file. It has been proposed to smear over the surface of the iron with loam made 

 into a thin paste with a strong solution of the prussiate, to dry it slowly, then expose 

 the whole to a nearly white heat, and finally plunge the wholo into cold water, when 

 the heat has fallen to dull redness. See STEEL. 



CASEIW (from Caseus, the Latin name for cheese). The principal part of the 

 nitrogenised matters contained in the milk of mammiferous animals is casein. It 

 forms the greatest part of cheese. It is coagulated by acids, but not by heat in this 

 it differs from either fibrine or albumen ; it is also coagulated by rennet as in the 

 curding of milk. See Watts's ' Dictionary of Chemistry." See RENNET. 



Casein is used by the calico-printer as a mordant. With lime it forms a good 

 cement, and with borax it has been used as a substitute for glue. 



CASHEW MTUTi The fruit of the Anacardium occidentale of the West Indies. 

 See ANACABDIUM NTJT. 



CASHMERE or CACHEMERE, a peculiar textile fabric first imported from 

 the kingdom of Cashmere (Kashmir), and now well imitated in France and Great 

 Britain. The material of the Cashmere shawls is the downy wool found about the 

 roots of the hair of the Thibet goat. The Oriental Cashmore shawls are woven by 

 processes extremely slow and consequently costly, whence their prices are very high. 



Prices of Cashmere shawls of various sorts kindly given by a gentleman who has 

 resided at Cashmere for many years : 



& t. 



1. Plain pashmina, 1 6 ft. square from 3 to 4 10 



2. Pashmina, deeply embroidered 7 9 



3. Doshala, or long and wide scarf of pashmina, with shawl- 



work at the edges and ends, as worn by the natives . ,, 10 30 



4. Square shawl (loom-made), 6 ft. square . . . . ,-,30 60 



5. Long shawl (loom-made) . . . . . . . 50 120 



It is 4 and 5 that are the Cashmere shawls proper ; the most usual article in the 

 European market is a long shawl costing 601. or 70 in Cashmere. 



Finer sorts are made occasionally (as by order of the Maharaja for presents to the 

 Queen), whose value is as much as 300/. 



The finest ever made was presented by the Maharaja to the Duke of Edinburgh at 

 Lahore. The Duke would not receive it for himself, but for the Queen. The value of 

 this was at least as much as GQQL 



By the aid of the draw-loom, and still better of the Jacquard loom, M. Tornaux 

 first succeeded in weaving Cashmere shawls perfectly similar to the Oriental in ex- 

 ternal aspect, which became fashionable under the name of French Cashmere. But 

 to construct shawls altogether identical on both sides with the Eastern was a more 

 difficult task, which was accomplished only at a later period by M. Bauson, of Paris. 



The year 1819 is remarkable in the history of French husbandry for the acquisition 

 of the Cashmere goat, imported from the East under the auspices of their government, 

 by the indefatigable courage and zeal of M. Jaubert, who encountered every fatigue and 

 danger to enrich his country with these valuable animals, aided by the patriotism of 

 M. Ternaux, who first planned this importation, and furnished funds for executing it, 

 at his own expense and responsibility. He placed a portion of the flock brought by 

 M. Jaubert at his villa of St. Ouen, near Paris, where the climate seemed to be very favour- 

 able to them, since for several successive years after their introduction M. Ternaux was 

 enabled to sell a great number of both male and female goats. The quantity of fine 

 fleece or down afforded by each animal annually is from a pound and a half to two pounds. 



The wool imported into Europe comes by the way of Casan, the capital of a 

 government of the Russian empire upon the eastern bank of the Volga ; it has natu- 

 rally a greyish colour, but is easily bleached. Its price at Paris is about 6s. the pound 



1 Pathmina is a general name for the fabric made of paihm, or the under- wool of the shawl-goat. 



