CEDAR 751 



an extravagant and useless degree of fattening, at least for the purpose of food, is 

 given to sheep in particular, it is easy to comprehend why their membranes can never 

 afford a material of the requisite tenacity. It is less easy to suggest an adequate 

 remedy ; but a knowledge of the general principle, should this notice meet the eyes of 

 those interested in the subject, may at least serve the purpose of diminishing tho evil 

 and improving the manufacture, by inducing them to choose in the market the offal of 

 such carcases as appear least overburthened with fat. It is probable that such a 

 manufacture might be advantageously established in those parts of the country where 

 the fashion has not, as in London, led to the use of meat so much overfed ; and it is 

 equally likely, that in the choice of sheep for this purpose, advantage would arise from 

 using the Welsh, the Highland, or the Southdown breeds, in preference to those which, 

 like the Lincoln, are prone to excessive accumulation of fat. It is equally probable 

 that sheep dying of some of the diseases accompanied by emaciation, would be 

 peculiarly adapted to this purpose. 



That these suggestions are not merely speculative is proved by comparing the 

 strength of the membranes in question, or that of the other membranous parts, in 

 the unfattened Highland sheep, with that of those found in the London markets. 



CATHARTINE. A bitter, non-azotised, purgative substance found in senna. 

 Its formula is not known. To prepare it, an alcoholic extract of senna leaves is to be 

 evaporated to dryness, and then treated with water as long as anything is dissolved. 

 The aqueous solution contains the cathartine mixed with several impurities. A con- 

 siderable amount of the latter may be got rid of by adding a solution of acetate of lead 

 as long as a precipitate is formed, and then filtering through a calico bag. 



C ATIiINITE. A clay-stone so called after Catlin the American traveller. It is 

 carved into tobacco pipes by the North American Indians. 



CAT'S EYE. A translucent quartz, presenting peculiar internal reflections. 

 This effect is said to be owing to filaments of asbestos. When cut en cabochon, it is 

 esteemed as an ornamental stone. This quartzose cat's-eye comes chiefly from 

 Ceylon. A brown variety from South Africa, consists of fibrous quartz pseudomor- 

 phous after the mineral called crocidolite. 



The Oriental Cat's-eye is a fibrous variety of Chrysoberyl. See CYMOPHANE. 



CAT'S-EYE RESIN. See DAMMAR. 



CATSUP. A name given by Dr. Kitchiner to Ketchup. See KETCHTJP. 



CA.TTE1VIUNDOO. A name given to an elastic gum or hydro-carbon obtained 

 from some species of plants in India. 



GAUNTER XiOX>E. A mining term. See MINING. 



CAUSTIC. Any chemical substance corrosive of the skin and flesh ; as potash 

 called common caustic, and nitrate of silver, called lunar caustic, by surgeons. 



CAVIARE. The salted roe of certain species of fish, especially the sturgeon. 

 This product forms a considerable article of trade, being exported annually from the 

 town of Astrakhan alone, upon the shores of the Caspian Sea, to the amount of 

 several hundred tons. The Italians first introduced it into Eastern Europe from 

 Constantinople, under the name of caviale. Eussia has now monopolised this branch 

 of commerce. It is prepared in the following manner : 



The female sturgeon is gutted ; the roe is separated from the other parts, and cleaned 

 by passing it through a very fine searce, by rulbing it into a pulp between the hands : 

 this is afterwards thrown into tubs, with the addition of a considerable quantity of 

 salt ; the whole is then well stirred, and set aside in a warm apartment. There is 

 another sort of caviare, the compressed in which the roe, after having been cured 

 in strong brine, is dried in the sun, then put into a cask, and subjected to strong 

 pressure. 



CAWK. The English miner's name for massive sulphate of baryta, or heavy 

 spar. 



CAYENNE PEPPER, The powdered fruit of several species of Capsicum. 



CEDAR. (Cedre, Fr. ; Ceder, Ger.) The cedar of Lebanon, or great cedar (Finns 

 ccdrus), is a cone-bearing tree. This tree has been famous since the days of Solomon, 

 who used it in the construction of the Temple. The wood has been obtained from 

 Crete and Africa. 



Specimens have also been procured from Morocco, showing the probability that the 

 range of the tree not only extends over the whole group of mountains which is situate 

 between Damascus and Tripoli, and which includes the Libanus and Mounts Amanus 

 and Taurus of antiquity, and various others, but that its distribution on the moun- 

 tainous regions of North Africa is extensive. 



Indeed, if we are to suppose that tho cedar and the cedar wood mentioned by 

 many of tho ancient writers referred exclusively to tho Lebanon species, wo must 

 believe that its distribution at one period extended over countries where no trace of 

 its having existed now remains. Egypt, Crete, and Cyprus are mentioned by Pliny 



