804 CINDER FLUE 



the game purposesremoving grease from eilk or woollen fabrics. It is an aluminous 

 silicate, consisting of silica 63, alumina 23, oxide of iron 1-25, water 12. It absorbs 

 water rapidly, and splits into thin laminae. Powdered and mixed with water it forms 

 a creamy mass, which absorbs oil from any fabric over which it may be spread. 



CINCHONA BARK. A Parliamentary paper on the progress of India in 1872 

 gives information respecting the cultivation of the cinchona plant, from which quinine 

 is obtained. It was introduced into the Hill districts of India, from South America, 

 in 1860. The total expenditure of the experiment was 6 1,71 91. The return repre- 

 sents a value which is simply incalculable. There are now 2,639,285 plants in the 

 Government plantations on the Neilgherry Hills alone, without counting those of 

 private planters in this and in other districts. The largest trees are 30J feet high, 

 and over 3 feet in girth round the trunk. The area covered by the plantations 

 amounts to 950 acres, and is being largely added to every year. The bark under 

 cultivation is much richer in quinine and the other febrifuge alkaloids than the wild 

 bark of South America. During last year 7,295 Ibs. of excellent bark wore sold in 

 the London market, while 65,688 Ibs. were supplied to the local manufactory. This 

 year 20,000 Ibs. will be sent home. The .alkaloid is manufactured on the spot in an 

 exceedingly cheap form for the use of local medical stores, and hundreds of fever 

 patients are thus annually cured. The object of providing an abundant supply of the 

 febrifuge at a price within the means of the population at large is rapidly being 

 realised. 



From the report on the Government cinchona plantations at Ootacamund for 

 1870-71 we learn that the growth of the plants has been very satisfactory. The 

 older plants of the various medicinal kinds have grown from shrubs into trees 22 feet 

 or 23 feet high, and 18 inches to 21 inches in girth. Of the Cinchona sucdrubra the 

 finest samples reach a height of 30 feet, with a girth of three feet. Three thousand 

 five hundred plants of the Calisaya kind have been permanently planted out on two 

 acres of new land. With this exception, the work of the year has been confined to 

 filling up failures and planting along the roadside. Among the new species of plants 

 lately introduced is the Pitayo bark, which appears to be hardy and well suited to 

 the climate. A lanceolate variety of Calisaya introduced from Java makes but slow 

 growth at Ootacamund. During the year 51,353 Ibs. of fresh bark were supplied to 

 Mr. Broughton, the Government Quinologist, for the manufacture of amorphous 

 quinine. From 1,000 eight-year-old plants of C. sucdrubra as much as 2,560 Ibs. 

 have been or will be extracted during this year. This average of more than 2 Ibs. 

 to each tree will yield, at the present rates of 2s. 8d. to 3s. per lb., a clear profit of at 

 least a rupee a pound. After the tenth year an increasing profit may be yearly ex- 

 pected, with a steady improvement in the quality of the bark. In the cheaper kinds 

 of bark it is unlikely that India will ever compete successfully in the home market 

 with America, where the plant grows wild, and its culture, which is yearly spreading, 

 costs nothing. In the finer kinds of bark, however, a successful competition is far 

 from unlikely, if the mossing process is steadily applied. Under this process each 

 successive renewal of bark will become more valuable than the last, until red bark 

 yields from 10 to 12 per cent, of crystallisable alkaloids, containing from 6 to 8 per 

 cent, of pure quinine, while 8 or 10 per cent, of the latter may be expected from the 

 crown barks. In that case India would defy competition, for no such bark, it appears, 

 could be obtained from America. See PERUVIAN BAHK. 



CINCHONA RED. An amorphous dark reddish-brown substance, obtained 

 from cinchona, or Peruvian bark. 



CINCHONICINE. C 40 H 2 'N 2 2 (C'WlO^O.) An alkaloid isomeric with cin- 

 chonine and cinchonidine. It is produced by the action of heat on any of the saline 

 combinations of cinchonine. Pasteur. 



CINCHONIDINE. C 40 H 24 N 2 2 (C^B^H^O.) This alkaloid, the quinidine of 

 Leers, is one of the isomers of cinchonine. 



CINCHONINE. C 4 H 24 N 2 2 (C 20 H 24 K 2 O.) An alkaloid or organic base ac- 

 companying quinine. Some of the differences of properties on which processes for 

 their separation may be founded are the following : Cinchonine crystallises more 

 readily than quinine from an alcoholic solution, in consequence of its being less soluble 

 in that fluid. Sulphate of quinine, on the other hand, is less soluble than sulphate of 

 cinchonine. Cinchonine is insoluble, while quinine is freely soluble in ether. See 

 Watts's ' Dictionary of Chemistry.' 



When cinchonine is distilled with a hydrated alkali it yields a product known as 

 chinoline oil, containing three homologous bases chinoline, lepidine, and krytidine. 

 From this oil, a brilliant blue pigment may be obtained. 



CIJJTDER. The slags produced in the processes of iron manufacture. 



CINDER BED. A bed of oyster-shells ; found in the Middle Purbeck series. 



CINDER FX.VE. See IKON. 



