COAL 853 



SWEDEN. Anthracite is found in small quantities at Dannemora ; and bituminous 

 coal, probably of Liassic or of oolitic age, is worked at Helsingborg, at the entrance of 

 the Baltic. 



DENMARK. The island of Bornholm and some other islands belonging to Denmark 

 produce coal, but it would appear to belong to the brown coal variety. 



RUSSIA. The Donetz coal-field is the most important. In that extensive district 

 many good seams, according to Sir R. I. Murchison, of both bituminous and anthracitic 

 coal exist. 



TUBXEY. Coal is found bordering on the Carpathian mountains, in Servia, Bou- 

 rn elia, and Bulgaria. 



The coal of Heraclia, on the south coast of the Black Sea, in Anatolia, has been, since 

 the Crimean war, exciting much attention. 



SMYENA. Moderately good coal is found at Nazli near Olidin. There are other 

 coal-mines of very inferior quality. 



GREECE. There is no coal, properly so called, known to exist in Greece, but lignite 

 has been found in several places. 



NOBTH AMERICA. The coal area of the United States of America,' is thus described 

 by Professor C. H. Hitchcock, Hanover, N.H., U.S.A. 



There are eight distinct areas of the Coal-measures in the United States. They 

 are (1.) The New England Basin. (2.) The Pennsylvania Anthracite. (3.) The 

 Appalachian Basin. (4.) The Michigan Basin. (5.) The Illinois Basin. (6.) 

 The Missouri Basin. (7.) The Texas Basin. (8.) Areas of unknown extent, prob- 

 ably inconsiderable, in the Rocky Mountain Region. 



1. The New England Basin. This is in Massachusetts and Rhode Island estimated 

 to cover 760 square miles. The coal is a plumbaginous anthracite, used to advantage 

 in some smelting furnaces. Perhaps eleven beds exist, best seen in Portsmouth, R.I. 

 Their maximum thickness is 23 ft. The coal-measures are about 2,500 ft. thick. 2 



2. The Pennsylvania Anthracite. This is the most important coal district in the 

 United States". Including the Broad Top semi-anthracite, of 24 square miles, the five 

 separate basins amount .to 434 square miles. The measures are from 2,000 ft. to 3,000 

 ft. thick. The number of distinct beds varies from two to twenty-five, according to the 

 depth of the basin. The maximum thickness at Pottsville is 207 ft., while the average 

 cannot be far from 70 ft.* 



3. The Appalachian Basin. This occupies an area of 63,475 square miles, extending 

 from Pennsylvania to Alabama, all of bituminous coal. 



In Pennsylvania the area amounts to 12,222 square miles, with an average thick- 

 ness of 40 ft. of coal. The aggregate thickness of the measures varies from 825ft. to 

 2,535 ft. 3 



In Maryland the area is 550 square miles, in three separate basins. The strata are 

 1,500 ft. thick. There are thirty-two beds of coal, one of 14 ft., three of 6 ft. each, 

 and the others from 1 ft. to 5 ft. 4 



In West Virginia (with a little in Virginia) the coal area occupies 16,000 square 

 miles. On the Kanawha River the strata are 1,250 ft. thick, with twenty-four beds 

 of coal, of which eleven have an aggregate thickness of 51 ft. The coals are best 

 developed along this river. 4 



In Ohio Dr. J. S. Newberry mentions that the area is greater than 10,000 square 

 miles, with a thickness of 1,500 ft. of sediment, and ten workable beds of coal. 



In Eastern Kentucky the area is stated to be 10,000 square miles. 5 



In Tennessee the area of the measures is 5,100 square miles. A characteristic sec- 

 tion gives a thickness of 578 ft. There are seven beds of coal, with a total thickness 

 of 14 ft. The beds vary locally in their dimensions, more than has been reported 

 elsewhere ; perhaps more carefully explored.' The conviction is increasing among 

 American geologists that coal-beds are not evenly persistent on large areas, and con- 

 stantly vary in thickness. 



In Georgia the area cannot be more than 170 square miles. 



In Alabama, a hasty measurement of a map furnished in manuscript by Professor 

 Safford indicates an area of 9,000 square miles. The general character of the measures 

 must be like those of Tennessee. 



4. The Michigan Basin. The area is about 6,7^0 square miles, with 123 ft. thick- 

 ness of measures, and 11 ft. (maximum) of coal. In the centre the coal is thickest, 

 thinning out to a mere line around the edges.' 



' Geology of Island of Aqnidneck,' by C. H. Hitchcock. Proc. Amer J Ass, Adv. ScI. 1860 



' Geology of Pennsylvania,' by H. P. Rogers. 



' First Report upon the Geology of Mary land ,' by P. T. Tysson. 



Report to Chesapeake and Ohio R.R.' by T. S. Ridgway. 



' Geology of Tennessee,' by James M. Safford. 



' Geology of Michigan,' 1861, by A. Wlnchell. 



' final Report on the Geology of Illinois, 1 by A. H. Worthcu. 



