970 COTTON-SPINNING 



over the cylinder ; and to make the matter clearer, three of the tops are removed. 

 Upon the arched cast-iron side of the frame, a row of strong iron pins k is made fast 

 in the middle line ; and each top piece has, at each of its ends, a hole, which fits down 

 upon two such opposite pins. 1 1 are screws whose heads serve as supports to the 

 tops, by coming into contact with the bottom of the holes, which are not of course 

 bored through the woods of the tops. By turning the heads of these screws a little 

 the one way or the other, the pins may be lengthened or shortened in any degree, so 

 as to set the tops very truly in adjustment with the cylinder teeth revolving beneath 

 them. A' is the small runner or urchin, and i' the large runner ; both of which are 

 spirally covered from end to end with narrow card fillets, in the same manner as the 

 doffer. The main cylinder is, on the contrary, covered with card-cloth, in strips laid 

 on parallel to its axis, with interjacent parallel smooth leather borders. The teeth 

 of these several cards are set as represented in the figure, and their cylinders revolve 

 as the arrows indicate. The runners as well as the doffer cylinder may be set nearer 

 to or further from the cylinder/; but the screws intended for this adjustment are 

 omitted in the drawings, to avoid confusion of the lines. 



The card-end or fleece taken off the doffer h by the crank and comb mechanism i k m 

 passes through the tin-plate or brass funnel n,fig. 552, whereby it is hemmed in and 

 contracted into a riband, which is then passed through between a pair of drawing 

 rollers o. It is next received by the rollers v, which carry it off with equal velocity, 

 and let it fall into the tin cans placed below, when it is not to bo re-carded, or conduct 

 it over a friction pulley, to be wound along with many other card-ends upon a lap 

 roller or large bobbin. In the latter case it is then conveyed to the ' finisher ' carding 

 engine. 



The two pairs of rollers at o effect the extension of the card-end, and reduce its 

 size. The under rollers are made of iron and fluted ; the upper ones are also made of 

 iron, but they are'covered with a coat of leather, nicely glued on over a coat of flannel, 

 which two coats render them both smooth and elastic. Two weights, w, press the 

 upper cylinder steadily down upon the under ones. Between the first and second pair 

 there is a certain interval, which should be proportioned to the length of the cotton 

 staple. The second, or that furthest from the funnel, revolves with greater velocity 

 than the first, and therefore turns out a greater length of riband than it receives from 

 its fellow ; the consequence is, a corresponding extension of the riband in the interval 

 between the two pairs of rollers. 



The motions of the several parts of the engine are effected in the following way : 

 The band, pp,fig. 553, which comes down from the pulley \ipon the main shaft near 

 the ceiling of the work-room, drives, by means of the pulley q, the cylinder /, fig. 552. 

 From another pulley, r, on the axis of the cylinder, the axis of t is driven by the 

 band s working round the pulley t on its end. This shaft drives the crank and lever 

 mechanism of the stripper knife i. A third pulley of the same side as r is fixed just 

 within the frame to the other end of the cylinder, and from it a crossed or close 

 band r 1 goes to a pulley upon the small runner h', to give this its rapid rotation. 

 Upon the opposite end of the engine in .$7. 552, these wheels and pulleys are marked 

 with dotted lines. Here we may observe, first, a pulley y upon the cylinder, and a 

 pulley a', which receives motion from it by means of the band z. The axis of a', 

 carries in front a pinion m', which sets in motion the wheel '. The latter imparts 

 motion, by means of a pinion and intermediate wheel o', to the wheel h on the doffer, 

 and consequently to that cylinder on the one hand ; and it turns, by the carrier 

 wheel p', a wheel x, whose axis is marked also with x in fig. 553, upon the other hand. 

 The axis x',fig. 552, carries, towards the middle of the engine, a very broad wheel, 

 which is represented by a small dotted circle. The toothed wheel v of the smooth 

 roller tf,fig. 552, and the two toothed wheels o o,fig. 553, of the under rollers o o, fig. 

 552, work into that broad wheel. The wheel of the second or delivery fluted roller is 

 seen to be smaller than that of the first, by which means the difference of their 

 velocities is obtained. The large runner i is driven from the main cylinder pulley, by 

 means of the band s', and the pulley ', fig. 552. The said band is crossed twice, and 

 is kept in tension by the pulley ?, round which it passes. The motion of the fluted 

 rollers e, which feed in the cotton fleece, is accomplished by means of a bevel wheel 

 b' on the end of the doffer, which works in a similar wheel c' on the oblique axis d' 

 (dotted lines across the drum) of the pinion e upon the lower end of the same axis 

 which turns the wheel/ 1 , upon the under feed roller. 



Each of the feed rollers,^-. 653, bears a pinion ce at one end, so that the upper 

 roller turns round with the under one. The roller b, fig. 552, is set in motion by 

 means of its wheel a? ; which is driven by a wheel if on the other end of the under feed 

 roller, through the intervention of the largo carrier-wheel w'. The original or first 

 motion of b must be as quick as that of the fluted feed rollers c, in order that the 

 former may uncoil as much lap as the latter can pass on. 



