COTTON-SPINNING 



979 



cording to the desired degree of attenuation. Two drawn slivers were generally 

 united into one by this machine, as is shown in the figure, where they are seen 

 coming from the two cans e e, to be brought together by the pressure rollers, before 

 they reach the drawing rollers a b. The sliver as it escapes from these rollers, is 

 conducted into the revolving conical lantern g, through the funnel / at its top. This 

 lantern -can receives its motion by means of a cord passing over a pulley k, placed a 

 little way above the step on which it turns. The motion is steadied by the collet of 

 the funnel f, being embraced by a brass busk. Such a machine generally contained 

 four drawing heads, each mounted with two lanterns ; in whose side there was a door 

 for taking out the conical coil of roving. The motion imparted to the back roller 

 by the band pulley or rigger n, was conveyed to the front one by toothed wheel-work. 

 The can stubbing frame has long been superseded by the Bobbin and Fly frame, 

 a kind of machine which, with some modifications, is still used not only for the Blubbing 

 process, but also for the two following preparatory ones, viz, Intermediate and Roving, 

 figs. 564 and 565 exhibit a perspective and a sectional view of this frame. It is to be 



observed, however, that these illustrations, though serving well enough to explain the 

 general construction and operation of the Bobbin and Fly frame, do not show the 

 recent improvements, which will be described further on. 



Fig. 565 exhibits a back view of this machine ; and. fig. 566 a section of some of the 

 parts not very visible in the former figure. The cotton is introduced between the drawing 

 rollers. The cans, filled with slivers from the drawing frame, are placed in the situation 

 marked at the back of the machine s,fig. 565, in rows parallel with the length of the 

 machine. The sliver of each can is conducted upwards along the surface of a sloping 

 board/, and through an iron staple or guide e, between the usual triple pair of 

 drawing rollers, the first of which is indicated by a b. "La. fig. 565, for the purpose of 

 simplifying the figure, the greater part of these rollers and their subordinate parts are 

 omitted. After the slivers have been sufficiently extended and attenuated between 

 the rollers, they proceed forwards, towards the spindles i i i, where they receive the 

 twist, and are wound upon the bobbins h. The machine delineated contains thirty 

 spindles, but many bobbin and fly frames contain double or even four times that 

 number. Only a few of the spindles are shown in fig. 565. 



The drawing rollers in this machine do not differ essentially from those described 

 under the section devoted to the drawing frame. This part of the machine, called the 

 roller beam, is a cast-iron bench, upon which the bearers c, are mounted for carrying 

 the rollers. The fluted portions of the rollers a a a, fig. 567, alternate with smooth 

 ' necks ' z z z. The whole length of roller is subdivided into sections. The coupling 

 of these roller sections' or subdivisions into one cylinder is secured by the square 

 holes x, and square pins y, fig. 567, which fit into the holes of the adjoining subdi- 

 vision. The top or pressure rollers b, are two-fold over the whole set ; and the 

 weighted saddle presses upon the neck w, which connects every pair, as was already 

 explained under fig. 560. 



The structure and operation of the spindles i may be best understood by examining 

 the section fig. 568. They are made of steel, are cylindrical from the top down to a-, 

 but from this part down to the steel tipped rounded points they-are conical. The wooden 

 bobbin h, slides upon the cylindrical part, which must move freely upon it, as will be 

 presently explained. The upper end of the spindle bears a fork s t, which, though 

 revolving with it, may be taken off at pleasure when the machine is standing still. 



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